{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T06:58:29Z","timestamp":1790319509495,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Obesity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evidence suggests that pre\u2010conceptional paternal factors, including BMI and diet, may influence offspring development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined the associations between paternal BMI, dietary protein intake, glycemic index (GI), smoking and alcohol consumption and offspring development during the first 5\u2009years of life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This secondary analysis of an RCT included 162 father\u2010child pairs from pregnancies among women with pre\u2010pregnancy overweight or obesity. Paternal characteristics were reported at gestational week 15, reflecting the preceding 3\u2009months. Offspring anthropometry was measured at birth, 6 and 18\u2009months, 3 and 5\u2009years. Associations were examined using linear mixed models and linear regression models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      No consistent associations were found between paternal characteristics and offspring outcomes from birth to 3\u2009years. At age 5, higher paternal BMI was associated with higher offspring BMI\n                      <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010score (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.07 (CI: 0.03; 0.10)), fat mass index (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.07\u2009kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      (CI: 0.02; 0.12)) and fat\u2010free mass index (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.05\u2009kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      (CI: 0.01; 0.08)). Lower paternal protein intake was associated with higher offspring BMI\n                      <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010score (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.54 (CI: 0.07; 1.01)) and fat\u2010free mass index (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.60\u2009kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      (CI: 0.13; 1.07)), while moderately higher protein intake was associated with higher waist\u2010to\u2010height ratio (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.03 (CI: 3.00\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                      ; 0.05)). Higher paternal GI was associated with lower offspring BMI\n                      <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010score (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.04 (CI: \u22120.08; \u22122.14\u221210\n                      <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                      )) at age 5. Smoking and alcohol were not associated with offspring outcomes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Paternal BMI was associated with offspring outcomes at age 5\u2009years, while findings for paternal dietary factors were less consistent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.70149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T04:09:30Z","timestamp":1789099770000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations Between Paternal Pre\u2010Conceptional Body Mass Index and Lifestyle Factors and Offspring Weight Development"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4401-8804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda Beske","family":"Almstrup","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Childhood Health  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5098-4843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina Sonne","family":"Mogensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5311-9457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"M\u00f8lgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8039-8095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stine","family":"Schramm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Childhood Health  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8063-5820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina Rica Wium","family":"Geiker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Childhood Health  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"The Dietetic and Nutritional Research Unit Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev\u2010Gentofte  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(25)00397\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","unstructured":"World Obesity Federation GOO Denmark\u2014Obesity Prevalence 2018 https:\/\/data.worldobesity.org\/country\/denmark\u201055\/#data_prevalence."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization Obesity and Overweight 2021 https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\u2010room\/fact\u2010sheets\/detail\/obesity\u2010and\u2010overweight."},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","first-page":"s176","article-title":"Obesity: Definition, Comorbidities, Causes, and Burden","volume":"22","author":"Apovian C. 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