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Prenatal characteristics were assessed during the 3rd trimester and child weights at 2\u2009years. Latent class analysis was conducted to identify groups of pregnant individuals with different patterns of prenatal characteristics. Associations between class membership and child weight outcomes at age 2\u2009years were examined using the manual Bolck\u2013Croon\u2013Hagenaars method, controlling for intervention status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Three groups were identified:\n                      <jats:italic>Non\u2010US born\/Lower adverse SDOH<\/jats:italic>\n                      (51%),\n                      <jats:italic>Non\u2010US born\/Higher adverse SDOH<\/jats:italic>\n                      (25%) and\n                      <jats:italic>US born\/Lower adverse SDOH<\/jats:italic>\n                      (24%). Children of participants in the\n                      <jats:italic>Non\u2010US born\/Higher adverse SDOH<\/jats:italic>\n                      had significantly higher weight\u2010for\u2010age\n                      <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010scores and higher odds of overweight or obesity compared to children of participants in the\n                      <jats:italic>Non\u2010US born\/Lower adverse SDOH<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>diff<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.61, SE\u2009=\u20090.21,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003, 95% CI [0.27, 0.95]; aOR\u2009=\u20092.83, 95% CI [1.09, 2.59]) and\n                      <jats:italic>Non\u2010US born\/Higher adverse SDOH burden<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>diff<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.55, SE\u2009=\u20090.20,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.006, 95% CI [0.22, 0.89]; aOR\u2009=\u20092.83, 95% CI [1.09, 2.59]).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher concurrent levels of psychosocial stressors and material hardships during pregnancy may pose a particular risk for excess weight in early childhood, especially for children of non\u2010US\u2010born pregnant individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.70151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T23:33:41Z","timestamp":1790552021000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Latent Class Analysis of Prenatal Characteristics and Their Associations With Early Childhood Weight"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Christina N.","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics New York University Grossman School of Medicine  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary Jo","family":"Messito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics New York University Grossman School of Medicine  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Duh\u2010Leong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics New York University Grossman School of Medicine  New York New York 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