{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T06:30:24Z","timestamp":1792218624188,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":517,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The primary aim of the study was to compare environmental and external (cross-) contamination of traces of cytostatics, during preparation of 5-fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide using a robotic system (APOTECAchemo) or the conventional manual compounding procedure. The secondary aim was to validate the cleaning procedure of the robot.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eighty ready-to-administer (RTA) infusion bags with 5-fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide or sodium chloride were compounded using both techniques on 3\u20135 days. Wipe samples were taken from several locations in the compounding room before and after cleaning, and also from the technician\u2019s gloves. These samples were analysed for 5-fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide concentrations using GC\/MS\/MS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 284 wipe samples were collected during the study (113 from the manual and 171 from the robotic process). External contamination on the outside of infusion bags was 3.75% for both manual and robotic compounding. For manual compounding, external cross-contamination occurred on 2.5% of the prepared infusion bags. External cross-contamination occurred on 1.25% of the infusion bags for the robotic procedure. Inside the compounding room, 9% of the environmental wipe samples were contaminated in case of manual production and 24% for robotic compounding. Since 50% of the contaminated environmental samples for the robotic system were taken after cleaning, the cleaning procedure was extended and parameter setting for cyclophosphamide handling was performed. After this, residual environmental or external contamination was no longer detectable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Comparison of both preparation methods showed that external (cross-)contamination of infusion bags was lower using the robotic system. An optimized cleaning procedure showed the best results in environmental contamination for the robot.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpp.12575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]],"date-time":"2019-09-06T06:53:50Z","timestamp":1567752830000},"page":"66-74","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["The assessment of environmental and external cross-contamination in preparing ready-to-administer cytotoxic drugs: a comparison between a robotic system and conventional manual production"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4614-1170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annabel","family":"Werumeus Buning","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tjerk H","family":"Geersing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OLVG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4929-2388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirjam","family":"Crul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021031318390519700_ijpp12575-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-004-0595-1","article-title":"Dermal exposure to cyclophosphamide in hospitals during preparation, nursing and cleaning activities","volume":"78","author":"Fransman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"key":"2021031318390519700_ijpp12575-bib-0002","volume-title":"Directive 2004\/37\/EC of the European parliament and of the council on the protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to carcinogens or mutagens at work (Sixth individual 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