{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T03:15:56Z","timestamp":1782011756855,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,7]],"date-time":"2014-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1399420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":36,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J of Urology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Interstitial cystitis is regarded as a heterogenous syndrome with two distinguishable forms: the non\u2010ulcer and the classic form of interstitial cystitis, the latter with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>unner's lesions; or bladder pain syndrome type 3<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content> and non\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>unner bladder pain syndrome, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cohort of 379 patients diagnosed with interstitial cystitis was studied. Nitric oxide release from the bladder was measured using a chemiluminescence nitric oxide analyzer. Bladder biopsies from the patients and healthy controls were analyzed by routine histopathological examination. Biopsies from a subset of patients and controls were also analyzed by immunohistochemistry and cytokine gene expression by real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with bladder pain syndrome type 3<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>\/classic interstitial cystitis had considerably higher levels of nitric oxide as compared with non\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>unner bladder pain syndrome\/non\u2010ulcer interstitial cystitis patients and healthy individuals, and showed histologically a chronic inflammation in the bladder mucosa, with abundant mast cell infiltration in all layers of the bladder wall. No inflammation was noted in non\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>unner bladder pain syndrome\/non\u2010ulcer interstitial cystitis patients. The isoenzymes inducible nitric oxide synthase, the catalyst in the nitric oxide production, was strongly expressed in the inflammatory cells in the bladder mucosa of bladder pain syndrome type 3<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>\/classic interstitial cystitis patients. In addition, the expression of the pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines interleukin\u20106 and interleukin\u201017<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content> messenger ribonucleic acid, and of anti\u2010inflammatory interleukin\u201010 messenger ribonucleic acid showed significantly increased levels in bladder pain syndrome type 3<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>\/classic interstitial cystitis compared with healthy controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bladder pain syndrome type 3<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>\/classic interstitial cystitis is a distinct inflammatory disease and in many aspects shares features of inflammatory autoimmune diseases. These findings could open up novel research avenues with expectations for new targets for pharmacological treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.12370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,8]],"date-time":"2014-05-08T02:46:29Z","timestamp":1399517189000},"page":"75-78","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Inflammation characteristics in bladder pain syndrome ESSIC type 3<scp>C<\/scp>\/classic interstitial cystitis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Yr","family":"Logadottir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Sahlgrenska University Hospital  Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dick","family":"Delbro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Medical Sciences \u00d6rebro University  \u00d6rebro Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catharina","family":"Lindholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg  Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Fall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Sahlgrenska University Hospital  Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph","family":"Peeker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Sahlgrenska University Hospital  Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"167","volume-title":"Diseases of Bladder and Urethra in Women","author":"Skene AJC","year":"1887"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1918.02600040001001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)43863-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(78)90286-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"Interstitial cystitis; definitions and confusable diseases. 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