{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T00:58:17Z","timestamp":1770512297551,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,27]],"date-time":"2015-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1445904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009954","name":"Taiho Pharmaceutical","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009954","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J of Urology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate whether propiverine has a noradrenaline re\u2010uptake inhibitor and whether it acts on the lumbosacral cord or the urethral wall. In addition, we aimed to examine the effect of propiverine on leak point pressure in rats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 72 female and 30 male rats were used to examine the following: (i) the change of leak point pressure caused by intravenous agents in rats with vaginal distention; (ii) the change of leak point pressure caused by intrathecal agents in rats with vaginal distention; (iii) the noradrenaline re\u2010uptake inhibitor action of propiverine; and (iv) catecholamine levels in the bladder wall, urethral wall, cerebrospinal fluid and plasma after oral administration of propiverine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intravenous injection of propiverine, imipramine and duloxetine increased the leak point pressure in rats with vaginal distention. Intrathecal naftopidil decreased the leak point pressure, whereas subsequent intravenous propiverine restored the leak point pressure to the level before intrathecal naftopidil in rats with vaginal distention. Propiverine acted like a noradrenaline re\u2010uptake inhibitor, increasing noradrenaline and\/or dopamine levels in the plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and urethral wall perfusion fluid.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Propiverine inhibits noradrenaline re\u2010uptake, as well as having antimuscarinic and Ca\u2010antagonist actions. The inhibition of noradrenaline re\u2010uptake by propiverine mainly occurs at the urethral level and partially in the central nervous system, and might stimulate the smooth muscle of the bladder neck and proximal urethra through \u03b11\u2010adrenergic receptors, as well as stimulating the striated muscle of the urethra and pelvic floor by activation of spinal motoneurons. Therefore, propiverine might be effective for both stress and urge incontinence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.12991","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,27]],"date-time":"2015-10-27T06:43:28Z","timestamp":1445928208000},"page":"93-99","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Propiverine increases urethral wall catecholamine levels and bladder leak point pressure in rats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Saori","family":"Nishijima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Knights' Laboratory LLP Okinawa Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimio","family":"Sugaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Knights' Laboratory LLP Okinawa Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katsumi","family":"Kadekawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Knights' Laboratory LLP Okinawa Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katsuhiro","family":"Ashitomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Knights' Laboratory LLP Okinawa Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomoyuki","family":"Ueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Institute for Animal Experiments University of the Ryukyus Okinawa Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hideyuki","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry Graduate School of Medicine University of the Ryukyus Okinawa Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2006.03.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200464140-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2008.07577.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"311","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of clenbuterol and propiverine in menopausal women with urinary incontinence: improvement in quality of life","volume":"31","author":"Ushiroyama T","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. 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