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Furthermore, several important issues, such as criteria for use of single\u2010dose antimicrobial prophylaxis and control of hospitalized infection, were also established, which led to alterations of the methods used for antimicrobial prophylaxis as well as perioperative management. The purpose of antimicrobial prophylaxis is to protect the surgical wound from contamination by normal bacterial flora. Antimicrobial prophylaxis should be based on penicillins with beta\u2010lactamase inhibitors, or first\u2010 or second\u2010generation cephalosporins, though penicillins without beta\u2010lactamase inhibitors should not be prescribed because of the high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance. As an adequate intratissue concentration of the antimicrobial at the surgical site should be accomplished by the time of initiation of surgery, antimicrobial prophylaxis should be started up to 30 min before beginning the operation. Antimicrobial prophylaxis should be terminated within 24 h in clean and clean\u2010contaminated surgery, and within 2 days of surgery using the bowels, because a longer duration is a risk factor for surgical site infection development. Importantly, possible risk factors for surgical site infections include the antimicrobial prophylaxis methodology used as well as others, such as duration of preoperative hospitalization, hand washing, the American Society of Anesthesiologists score, diabetes and smoking history. These guidelines are to be applied only for preoperatively non\u2010infected low\u2010risk patients. In cases with preoperative infection or bacteriuria that can cause a surgical site infection or urinary tract infection after surgery, patients must receive adequate preoperative treatment based on the individual situation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.13161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,17]],"date-time":"2016-08-17T00:56:44Z","timestamp":1471395404000},"page":"814-824","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Essential Japanese guidelines for the prevention of perioperative infections in the urological field: 2015 edition"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Shingo","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Hyogo College of Medicine Nishinomiya Hyogo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katsumi","family":"Shigemura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe Hyogo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Kiyota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Jikei University Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koichiro","family":"Wada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Okayama University Hospital Okayama Kagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Hayami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima University Kagoshima Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitsuru","family":"Yasuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Graduate School of Medicine Gifu University Gifu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine Sapporo Hokkaido Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiyohito","family":"Ishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Fujita Health University School of Medicine Toyoake Aichi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryoichi","family":"Hamasuna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology University of Occupational and Environmental Health Kitakyushu Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soichi","family":"Arakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe Hyogo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsuro","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology University of Occupational and Environmental Health Kitakyushu Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the Japanese Research Group for UTI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_16_2_1","first-page":"250","article-title":"Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection, 1999. 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