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Bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin is a family of vaccines derived in 1921 by the <jats:italic>in\u00a0vitro<\/jats:italic> attenuation of <jats:italic>Mycobacterium bovis<\/jats:italic>. Subsequently, bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin seed lots were spread around the world, and both phenotypic and genotypic differences among the strains have been compiled. In recent genomic comparisons, the evolution of the different bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin substrains has begun to emerge. However, some of these genetic alterations in bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin strains have yet to be shown to affect the therapeutic effects and\/or adverse effects. There are thus ongoing research efforts to assess the effects of these genetic alterations on the properties of bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin strains, with the ultimate goal of identifying an ideal bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin strain for treatment of non\u2010muscle\u2010invasive bladder cancer and providing clues for the improvement of bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin strains. The present review provides a history of bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin immunotherapy, and discusses the genetic differences among bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin strains, the different clinical outcomes afforded by bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin strains and possible future developments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.13538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,6]],"date-time":"2018-03-06T00:16:35Z","timestamp":1520295395000},"page":"405-413","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin strain differences as the basis for immunotherapies against bladder cancer"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Jun","family":"Miyazaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology School of Medicine International University of Health and Welfare Chiba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mizuki","family":"Onozawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology School of Medicine International University of Health and Welfare Chiba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eiichiro","family":"Takaoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology School of Medicine International University of Health and Welfare Chiba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ikuya","family":"Yano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.5.1274-1282.1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(98)00277-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"The treatment of malignant tumors by repeated inoculations of erysipelas. 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