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A hallmark of functional pain syndromes such as interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome is pain in the absence of demonstrable pathology of the viscera or associated nerves. Patients with chronic pain experience a greater impairment in quality of life than healthy controls. In addition, interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome symptoms can frequently overlap with other conditions including irritable bowel syndrome, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, anxiety disorders, and a number of other syndromes not directly related to the urinary bladder. Because of the complex pathophysiology, a number of animal models have been studied over the years to better understand mechanisms underlying patient symptoms. These models can include: bladder centric, complex mechanisms and psychological and physical stress models. Such animal models can aid in the investigation of aspects of interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome that cannot be pursued in humans as well as to develop and test potential therapies. In addition, the search for urinary factors that may be a cause of interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome has resulted in the discovery of a number of potential targets that could serve as predictive biomarkers which can aid in early diagnosis and treatment of this chronic disorder.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.13985","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]],"date-time":"2019-05-30T05:22:36Z","timestamp":1559193756000},"page":"12-15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["Pathophysiology of interstitial cystitis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Lori A","family":"Birder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Chemical Biology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2009.08.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000081996.84687.ac"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"330","volume-title":"Campbell\u2010Walsh Urology","author":"Hanno PM","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(99)80332-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5701171"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"Interstitial cystitis and systemic autoimmune diseases","volume":"4","author":"Merwe J","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. 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