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Therefore, countermeasures against prostate cancer could be very important not only in Western countries, but also in developed Asian countries. Screening for prostate cancer in the general population using transrectal ultrasonography, digital rectal examination and\/or prostate acid phosphatase began in Japan in the early 1980s, and screening with prostate\u2010specific antigen and digital rectal examination has been widespread in the USA since the late 1980s. Large\u2010 and mid\u2010scale randomized controlled trials on screening for prostate cancer began around 1990 in the USA, Canada and Europe. However, most of these studies failed as randomized controlled trials because of high contamination in the control arm, low compliance in the screening arm or insufficient screening setting about screening frequency and\/or biopsy indication. The best available level\u00a01 evidence is data from the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer and the G\u00f6teborg screening study. However, several non\u2010urological organizations and lay media around the world have mischaracterized the efficacy of prostate\u2010specific antigen screening. To avoid long\u2010term confusion about screening for prostate cancer, leading professional urological organizations, including the Japanese Urological Association, are moving toward the establishment of an optimal screening system that minimizes the drawbacks of overdetection, overtreatment and loss of quality of life due to treatment, and maximizes reductions in the risk of death as a result of prostate cancer and the development of metastatic prostate cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.14039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,10]],"date-time":"2019-06-10T20:01:05Z","timestamp":1560196865000},"page":"956-970","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Screening for prostate cancer: History, evidence, controversies and future perspectives toward individualized screening"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Kazuto","family":"Ito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Preventive Medicine Kurosawa Hospital Takasaki Gunma Japan"},{"name":"Department of Urology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine Maebashi Gunma Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Oki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Preventive Medicine Kurosawa Hospital Takasaki Gunma Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshitaka","family":"Sekine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine Maebashi Gunma Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seiji","family":"Arai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine Maebashi Gunma Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiyuki","family":"Miyazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine Maebashi Gunma Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuhiro","family":"Shibata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine Maebashi Gunma Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine Maebashi Gunma Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isao","family":"Kurosawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Preventive Medicine Kurosawa Hospital Takasaki Gunma Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"ParkinDM WhelanSL FerlarJet\u00a0al.Cancer incidence in five continents vol. 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