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Therefore, induction of immunological tolerance of the transplanted organ is considered essential to improve the long\u2010term results. Despite numerous tolerance strategies that have been successful in murine models, inducing hematopoietic chimerism through donor hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the only method that reproducibly induces kidney allograft tolerance in nonhuman primates or humans. Combining kidney and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to achieve allograft tolerance has now been attempted with different chimerism strategies. This review summarizes the status of current clinical trials on the induction of allograft tolerance. We also summarize recent studies to extend the chimerism approach to deceased donor transplant recipients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.15035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T06:21:52Z","timestamp":1663136512000},"page":"1397-1404","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Clinical trials for renal allograft tolerance induction through combined hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A narrative review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8080-5962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiyohiko","family":"Hotta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Hokkaido University Hospital  Sapporo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7950-0961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takayuki","family":"Hirose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Hokkaido University Hospital  Sapporo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsuo","family":"Kawai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000003533"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.13413"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.tp.0000226068.66819.37"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0012.2006.00519.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2008.580"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2004070580"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-6143.2002.20902.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjh.0000180159.81640.2f"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11319260-000000000-00000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2010.102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6601219"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92780-8"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","first-page":"3169","article-title":"New onset of diabetes in FK 506 vs cyclosporine\u2010treated kidney transplant recipients","volume":"23","author":"Scantlebury V","year":"1991","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-199716040-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03343761"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-198811000-00018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90254-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","first-page":"1121","article-title":"Hyperlipidemia after liver transplantation: long\u2010term results of the FK506\/cyclosporine a US multicenter trial. 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