{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T22:26:13Z","timestamp":1744410373482},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J of Urology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to assess the effect sizes, changes over time, and ethnic differences in placebo effects on urinary function among Japanese patients participating in clinical trials.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A meta\u2010analysis of 30 Japanese placebo\u2010controlled clinical trials was conducted to determine the placebo effects on three functions: daily urinary frequency, nocturnal urinary frequency, and average urine volume per void.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The I\u2010square heterogeneity values for the basic values of the three functions ranged from 84.5% to 97.9%, with differences among trials. Longitudinal analysis (1 to 12\u2009weeks) indicated an enhanced placebo effect for up to 8\u2009weeks and no consistency among trials on nocturnal urinary frequency (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), unlike those on daily urinary frequency and average urine volume per void (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a01.0). Based on the random\u2010effects model, the mean differences in urinary frequency at 4, 8, and 12\u2009weeks were \u22120.70 (\u22120.80; \u22120.60), \u22121.06 (\u22121.16; \u22120.96), and \u22121.18 (\u22121.34; \u22121.01), respectively. Furthermore, the mean difference (95% confidence interval) in nocturnal urinary frequency and volume of urination per void at 12\u2009weeks was \u22120.63 (\u22120.94; \u22120.31) and 9.67 (7.25; 12.1), respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>My findings suggest an increase in the strength of placebo effects over time (up to 8\u2009weeks). A comparison of my results to those published in previous global reports showed no meaningful differences in placebo effects among ethnic groups. The consistent placebo effect size on urinary function could be an external indicator in clinical trials.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.15152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T06:44:06Z","timestamp":1676443446000},"page":"447-454","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A meta\u2010analysis on the characteristics of placebo effects on urinary function in placebo\u2010controlled clinical trials among Japanese patients"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Tomohiko","family":"Hara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Vaccines and Blood Products, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1955.02960340022006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1907805"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-021-00545-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2021.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2011.99"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-9-55"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(89)90005-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2017.04.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22295"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003107347"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-018-1869-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2017.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","first-page":"64","article-title":"Twenty\u2010year history and future challenges in transparency enhancement of review process for approval: focus on public release of review reports regarding new drugs and medical devices","volume":"50","author":"Morimoto K","year":"2015","journal-title":"Yakushigaku Zasshi"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)04149-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1757-5672.2011.00091.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2013.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1164"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010247"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-013-0377-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2019-300117"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/luts.12141"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-4-54"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MLR.0000062554.74615.4C"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","first-page":"S80","article-title":"Can we harness the placebo effect to improve care in lower urinary tract dysfunction? 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