{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T02:34:33Z","timestamp":1769567673694,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763337600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J of Urology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nocturnal enuresis is common in early childhood. While daytime bladder control typically precedes nighttime continence, the temporal relationship between early daytime bladder control and subsequent bedwetting remains unclear. We investigated whether daytime bladder control status at age 2.5\u2009years\u2014as indicated by diaper use\u2014is associated with bedwetting at age 4.5\u2009years in a Japanese nationwide cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed data from the Japanese Longitudinal Survey of Newborns in the 21st Century (2010 cohort). Daytime bladder control was assessed at age 2.5\u2009years through caregiver\u2010reported diaper use, and bedwetting frequency at age 4.5\u2009years through parental questionnaires. Modified Poisson regression estimated risk ratios (RRs), adjusting for birth\u2010related factors, socioeconomic status, daycare attendance, and developmental milestones.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 32\u2009168 children, 26\u2009651 (82.8%) still used diapers at 2.5\u2009years. Bedwetting prevalence at 4.5\u2009years was 42.2%: 34.5% in children who achieved daytime bladder control at 2.5\u2009years versus 43.9% in those still using diapers. After multivariable adjustment, incomplete daytime bladder control at 2.5\u2009years was associated with higher bedwetting risk (adjusted RR 1.25; 95% CI, 1.20\u20131.31). Multinomial regression revealed dose\u2013response relationships: odds ratios 1.41 (95% CI, 1.30\u20131.52) for \u201csometimes\u201d and 1.58 (95% CI, 1.42\u20131.77) for \u201coften\u201d bedwetting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Daytime bladder control status at 2.5\u2009years was associated with a 25% increased bedwetting risk at 4.5\u2009years. This association likely reflects individual differences in bladder control maturation rather than causal effects. While daytime bladder control may serve as a developmental marker, its validity as an intervention target remains unestablished.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.70288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T05:00:40Z","timestamp":1763442040000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Daytime Bladder Control Status in Toddlerhood Is Associated With Subsequent Bedwetting in Preschool Years: A Nationwide Cohort Study of Over 30\u2009000 Japanese Children"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0163-1906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takatoshi","family":"Moriwake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University  Okayama 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Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University  Okayama Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ichiro","family":"Tsuboi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University  Okayama Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kasumi","family":"Yoshinaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University  Okayama Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9821-9407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomoaki","family":"Yamanoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University  Okayama 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