{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T09:38:43Z","timestamp":1790761123710,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,14]],"date-time":"2015-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1421193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Insect Molecular Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRP<\/jats:styled-content>s) play essential roles in the immune systems of insects and higher animals against certain pathogens, including bacteria. In insects, most studies on the functions of PGRP<\/jats:styled-content>s have been performed in D<\/jats:styled-content>rosophila<\/jats:italic>, with only limited studies in mosquitoes, which are important disease vectors. In the present study, we analysed the PGRP<\/jats:styled-content> sequences of the yellow fever mosquito, A<\/jats:styled-content>edes aegypti<\/jats:italic>, acquired from two genome databases, and identified a total of seven PGRP<\/jats:styled-content> genes; namely, PGRP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010S<\/jats:styled-content>1, \u2010SC<\/jats:styled-content>2, \u2010LA<\/jats:styled-content>, \u2010LB<\/jats:styled-content>, \u2010LC<\/jats:styled-content>, \u2010LD<\/jats:styled-content> and \u2010LE<\/jats:styled-content>. Bacterial injection using the Gram\u2010negative bacteria E<\/jats:styled-content>scherichia coli<\/jats:italic> and the G<\/jats:styled-content>ram\u2010positive bacteria M<\/jats:styled-content>icrococcus luteus<\/jats:italic> showed that three PGRP<\/jats:styled-content>s responded directly to both bacterial stimuli. Subsequently, the transcriptional expression of six of these PGRP<\/jats:styled-content>s was knocked down using double\u2010stranded RNA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010injection\u2010based RNA<\/jats:styled-content> interference (RNA<\/jats:styled-content>i). RNA<\/jats:styled-content>i of the PGRP<\/jats:styled-content>s resulted in different impacts on the immune responses of A<\/jats:styled-content>e.\u2009aegypti<\/jats:italic> to the two bacteria, as evidenced by the changes in mosquito survival rates after bacterial challenges as well as the differential regulation of several antimicrobial peptides and a number of other genes involved in mosquito immune pathways. Our data suggest that PGRP\u2010LC<\/jats:styled-content> is a significant factor in mediating immune responses to both E<\/jats:styled-content>.\u2009coli<\/jats:italic> and M<\/jats:styled-content>.\u2009luteus<\/jats:italic>, and the other PGRP<\/jats:styled-content>s play only minor roles against these two bacteria, with PGRP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010SC<\/jats:styled-content>2 and \u2010LB<\/jats:styled-content> also serving as potential negative regulators for certain immune pathway(s) in A<\/jats:styled-content>e.\u2009aegypti<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imb.12159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,14]],"date-time":"2015-01-14T21:49:42Z","timestamp":1421272182000},"page":"293-310","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Functional implications of the peptidoglycan recognition proteins in the immunity of the yellow fever mosquito, A<\/scp>edes aegypti<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology University of Missouri Columbia MO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. 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