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However, the insect's immune responses to fungal infections remain poorly understood. In this study, we performed transcriptomic analyses of haemocytes and fat body tissue from CPB larvae topically infected with\n                    <jats:italic>B. bassiana<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>M. robertsii<\/jats:italic>\n                    at the stage of pathogen encapsulation. Quantitative PCR validation of gene expression, along with complementary physiological and biochemical assays, was also conducted. Reference gene annotations were expanded using both the classical bioinformatic tool InterProScan and the AI\u2010based tool ProteInfer. For the first time, pathogen\u2010specific differences in CPB tissue responses to fungal infections were revealed. Gene Ontology enrichment and expression profiles of immune\u2010related genes indicated a stronger antifungal response to\n                    <jats:italic>M. robertsii<\/jats:italic>\n                    , whereas infection with\n                    <jats:italic>B. bassiana<\/jats:italic>\n                    was associated with enhanced protection against self\u2010damage. Pathogen\u2010specific responses were linked to the expression of genes encoding certain receptors, serine proteases, serpins, Toll signalling components, antimicrobial peptides, chitin deacetylases, chitin synthases, laccases, as well as to the production of phenoloxidases and reactive oxygen species. The most diverse and pathogen\u2010specific gene expression changes occurred in haemocytes rather than in the fat body. We propose that the observed differences in immune responses are mainly driven by the fungal enzymatic machinery, secondary metabolites and pigments. The differentially expressed genes identified in this study provide novel insights into insect\u2013pathogen interactions and represent promising molecular targets for advancing both fundamental research on insect immunity and the applied development of innovative biocontrol strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imb.70034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T02:54:34Z","timestamp":1773111274000},"page":"338-358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Divergent immune strategies of\n                    <scp>Colorado<\/scp>\n                    potato beetle larvae against the entomopathogenic fungi\n                    <i>Metarhizium robertsii<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Beauveria bassiana<\/i>\n                    : A comparative transcriptomic analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9762-903X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vadim","family":"Kryukov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS  Novosibirsk Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Antonets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS  Novosibirsk Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulyana","family":"Rotskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS  Novosibirsk Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyn","family":"Kabirova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS  Novosibirsk Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Slepneva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS  Novosibirsk Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yana","family":"Vorontsova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS  Novosibirsk Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yury","family":"Noskov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS  Novosibirsk Russia"},{"name":"All\u2010Russia Institute of Plant Protection  Pushkin Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Kamanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS  Novosibirsk Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS  Novosibirsk Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3575-7164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Yaroslavtseva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS  Novosibirsk Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veniamin","family":"Fishman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS  Novosibirsk Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Antonets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MSU Institute for Artificial Intelligence  Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-821237-0.00003-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079533"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","unstructured":"Andrews S.(2010)FastQC: A Quality Control Tool for High Throughput Sequence Data. 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