{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T18:07:03Z","timestamp":1761156423342},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,6]],"date-time":"2018-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI067678"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI067678"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Immunol Cell Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Chlamydia muridarum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Chlamydia caviae<\/jats:italic> have equivalent growth rates in mouse epithelial cells but only <jats:italic>C. muridarum<\/jats:italic> replicates inside mouse macrophages, while <jats:italic>C. caviae<\/jats:italic> does not. Macrophages infected with <jats:italic>C. muridarum<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>C. caviae<\/jats:italic> were used to address the hypothesis that the early signaling pathways initiated during infection depend on the fate of chlamydiae in the host cell. Transmission electron microscopy of <jats:italic>C. muridarum<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected macrophages showed intact chlamydial elementary bodies and reticulate bodies 2\u00a0h postinfection in compact vacuoles. Conversely, in macrophages infected with <jats:italic>C. caviae<\/jats:italic>, chlamydiae were observed in large phagocytic vacuoles. Furthermore, <jats:italic>C. caviae<\/jats:italic> infections failed to develop into inclusions or produce viable bacteria. Expression of proinflammatory cytokines <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u03b1, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\u03b2 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MMP<\/jats:styled-content>13 was similar in <jats:italic>C. caviae\u2010<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>C. muridarum<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected macrophages at 3\u00a0h postinfection, indicating that chlamydial survival is not required for initiation of these responses. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\u03b2 secretion, dependent on inflammasome activation, occurred in <jats:italic>C. caviae<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected macrophages despite no chlamydial growth. Conversely, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u03b2 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> was observed only in <jats:italic>C. muridarum<\/jats:italic>\u2010 but not in <jats:italic>C. caviae<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected macrophages. These data demonstrate that differential signaling events are initiated during a productive <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic> nonproductive chlamydial infection in a macrophage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.1033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]],"date-time":"2018-01-10T04:14:13Z","timestamp":1515557653000},"page":"246-256","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Differential signaling pathways are initiated in macrophages during infection depending on the intracellular fate of <i>Chlamydia<\/i> spp."],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Uma M","family":"Nagarajan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Department of Pediatrics University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little 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