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The antibody response to heterologous vaccines provides a means to explore these immunomodulatory effects. This is the first study to investigate the influence of measles\u2010mumps\u2010rubella (MMR) vaccine on the persistence of antibodies to a broad range of heterologous infant vaccinations given in the first year of life. In total, 319 children were included in the study. All infants received routine vaccinations at 6\u00a0weeks, 4 and 6\u00a0months of age. At 12\u00a0months of age, 212 children were vaccinated with MMR and <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic> type b\u2010meningococcus C (Hib\u2010MenC) vaccines while the remaining 99 children had not yet received these vaccines. In the MMR\/Hib\u2010MenC\u2010vaccinated group, blood was taken 28\u00a0\u00b1\u00a014\u00a0days after receiving these vaccines. Antibodies against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis [pertussis toxin (PT), filamentous hemagglutinin, pertactin], poliomyelitis (type 1, 2, 3) and 13 pneumococcal serotypes were measured. Seroprotection rates and geometric mean antibody concentrations were compared between MMR\/MenC\u2010Hib\u2010vaccinated and MMR\/MenC\u2010Hib\u2010na\u00efve participants. In the final analysis, 311 children were included. Seroprotection rates were lower in MMR\/Hib\u2010MenC\u2010vaccinated children against PT and pneumococcal serotype 19A. After adjustment for prespecified factors, MMR\/Hib\u2010MenC\u2010vaccinated infants had significantly higher antibody concentrations against tetanus (likely explained by a boosting effect of the carrier protein, a tetanus toxoid), while for the other vaccine antigens there was no difference in antibody concentrations between the two groups. MMR vaccination given at 12\u00a0months of age in a developed country does not significantly influence antibody concentrations to heterologous vaccines received in the first year of life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.12246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,21]],"date-time":"2019-02-21T18:51:12Z","timestamp":1550775072000},"page":"577-585","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The immunomodulatory effects of measles\u2010mumps\u2010rubella vaccination on persistence of heterologous vaccine responses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2388-4318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petra","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Group Murdoch Children's Research Institute Parkville VIC Australia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics Fribourg Hospital HFR and Faculty of Science and Medicine University of Fribourg Fribourg Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kirsten P","family":"Perrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Allergy Research Group and Melbourne Children's Trial Centre Murdoch Children's Research Institute Parkville VIC Australia"},{"name":"Departments of Allergy and Immunology and General Medicine Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia"},{"name":"School of Population and Global Health The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fiona RM","family":"van der Klis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Public Health and the Environment Centre for Infectious Diseases Bilthoven The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nigel","family":"Curtis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Group Murdoch Children's Research Institute Parkville VIC 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