{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T19:13:17Z","timestamp":1790363597845,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]],"date-time":"2019-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003550","name":"Queensland Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003550","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunol Cell Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic> infection remains the leading sexually\u2010transmitted bacterial infection worldwide, causing damaging sequelae such as tubal scarring, infertility and ectopic pregnancy. As infection is often asymptomatic, prevention via vaccination is the optimal strategy for disease control. Vaccination strategies aimed at preventing bacterial infection have shown some promise, although these strategies often fail to prevent damaging inflammatory pathology when <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic> is encountered. Using a murine model of <jats:italic>Chlamydia muridarum<\/jats:italic> genital infection, we employed two established independent models to compare immune responses underpinning pathologic development of genital <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic> infection. Model one uses antibiotic treatment during infection, with only early treatment preventing pathology. Model two uses a plasmid\u2010cured variant strain of <jats:italic>C. muridarum<\/jats:italic> that does not cause pathologic outcomes like the plasmid\u2010containing wild\u2010type counterpart. Using these infection models, contrasted by the development of pathology, we identified an unexpected role for macrophages. We observed that mice showing signs of pathology had greater numbers of activated macrophages present in the oviducts. This may have been due to early differences in macrophage activation and proinflammatory signaling leading to persistent or enhanced infection. These results provide valuable insight into the cellular mechanisms driving pathology in <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic> infection and contribute to the design and development of more effective vaccine strategies for protection against the deleterious sequelae of <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic> infection of the female reproductive tract.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.12285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,26]],"date-time":"2019-07-26T13:23:26Z","timestamp":1564147406000},"page":"865-876","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["<i>Chlamydia<\/i>\u2010infected macrophages are resistant to azithromycin treatment and are associated with chronic oviduct inflammation and hydrosalpinx development"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Marina CG","family":"Harvie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI) 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