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These characteristic functions are, for example, sensing threat, performing phagocytosis, presentation of foreign antigens, cytokine release or enhancing immune memory. The enlisted immune response mechanisms are carried out by the possession of molecules such as Toll\u2010like receptors, receptors for the Fc fragment of IgG, major histocompatibility complex class II molecules, costimulatory CD80\/CD86 proteins and molecules needed for NLRP3 (NOD\u2010like family pyrin domain containing 3) inflammasome activation. Thanks to these properties, the described nonimmune cells play an important role in the local immune response and support of the entire body in the fight against pathogens. They constitute the first line of defense of tissues and organs against pathogens and molecules recognized as harmful. The cells described in this article are particularly important in immunologically privileged places (e.g. the Bowman's capsule in the kidney), where \u201ctypical\u201d immune cells normally do not have access. In this paper, we present immune\u2010like functions and molecule suites of resident kidney cells (podocytes and mesangial cells), cochlear resident cells, fibrocytes and fibroblasts, as well as some stem cells (mesenchymal stem cells and umbilical cord Wharton's jelly\u2013derived cells).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.12752","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]],"date-time":"2024-04-23T06:23:55Z","timestamp":1713853435000},"page":"487-499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Not an immune cell, but they may act like one\u2014cells with immune properties outside the immune system"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"102","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9687-1016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marlena","family":"Typiak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Medical Biochemistry Faculty of Biology University of Gdansk  Wita 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