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Clinically, both types of infection range from mild to severe and coinfections may occur more commonly than supposed. Our previous experimental coinfection study in mice demonstrated that prior infection with the arbovirus Semliki Forest virus (SFV) negatively impacted immune responses to influenza A virus (IAV). Here, we investigate whether simultaneous coinfection impacts the outcome of immune responses or disease. Simultaneous SFV and IAV infection did not lead to exacerbated or attenuated disease compared with the single virus infection control groups. SFV brain virus titers and brain pathology, including inflammation and immune responses, were comparable in the coinfection and single infection groups. By contrast, there was enhanced IAV replication, but no exacerbated lung pathology in coinfected mice. The magnitude of IAV\u2010specific CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010cell responses in the lungs was lower compared with IAV\u2010only infection. Considered along with our previous study, this study provides evidence that the timing of viral coinfection is pivotal in determining effects on immune responses, pathological changes and disease outcome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.70003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T01:30:21Z","timestamp":1740015021000},"page":"383-400","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Simultaneous coinfection with influenza virus and an arbovirus impedes influenza\u2010specific but not Semliki Forest virus\u2013specific responses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Isabelle Jia\u2010Hui","family":"Foo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity  Melbourne VIC 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