{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T14:59:02Z","timestamp":1790175542554,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1091221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1091221"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015471","name":"Mater Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015471","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015539","name":"Australian Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015539","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunol Cell Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Crohn's disease is a chronic, transmural inflammatory disease of the human gut. Changes in the fecal microbial composition and dysbiosis are consistent features in studies of Crohn's disease patients, but whether dysbiosis is a cause or consequence of inflammation remains unresolved. Genetic susceptibility plays a role in the development of Crohn's disease and has been linked to genes involved in recognition of intestinal bacteria by the mononuclear phagocyte system. The earliest visible lesions in Crohn's disease are aphthous ulcers, overlying Peyer's patches and lymphoid follicles. To identify mechanisms underlying the earliest stages of disease we compared gene expression in aphthous ulcers, Peyer's patches, inflamed and endoscopically normal mucosa from patients and controls using total RNA\u2010seq. The resulting data were subjected to network analysis to identify coregulated gene expression signatures of cell types and processes. These results were compared to single\u2010cell RNA\u2010seq analysis of intestinal macrophages in normal and diseased mucosa. The analysis of aphthous ulcers revealed signatures of epithelial stress and antimicrobial defense, plasma cell activation and immunoglobulin production, monocyte recruitment, inflammatory gene expression and induction of interferon\u2010\u03b3. These signatures were not present in the normal appearing mucosa adjacent to aphthous ulcers, which were similar to healthy control mucosa. Given the role of Peyer's patches and lymphoid follicles in sampling the luminal contents, these findings suggest the initial lesion in Crohn's disease arises from the uptake of bacteria and the activation of multiple host defense pathways rather than the breakdown of epithelial barrier integrity and widespread bacterial translocation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.70031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T10:43:33Z","timestamp":1747651413000},"page":"473-484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Transcriptomic signatures of host immune responses in aphthous ulcers, the earliest lesions of Crohn's disease, suggest that bacterial uptake, rather than global dysbiosis, is the initiating factor"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"103","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5029-8461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phillip J","family":"Whiley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Psychology Australian National University  Canberra ACT Australia"},{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit Canberra Hospital  Canberra ACT Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ojas V A","family":"Dixit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit Canberra Hospital  Canberra ACT Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mukta","family":"Das Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Psychology Australian National University  Canberra ACT Australia"},{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit Canberra Hospital  Canberra ACT Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hardip","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John Curtin School of Medical Research College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University  Canberra ACT Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoyan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology &amp; Immunology Washington University School of Medicine  St. Louis MO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan J","family":"Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Western Sydney Clinical School University of New South Wales  Sydney NSW Australia"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Liverpool Hospital  Sydney NSW Australia"},{"name":"Ingham Institute  Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim M","family":"Summers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mater Research Institute\u2014University of Queensland Translational Research Institute  Brisbane QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A","family":"Hume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mater Research Institute\u2014University of Queensland Translational Research Institute  Brisbane QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Pavli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Psychology Australian National University  Canberra ACT Australia"},{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit Canberra Hospital  Canberra ACT Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire L","family":"O'Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit Canberra Hospital  Canberra ACT Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra  Canberra ACT Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073464"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11582"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-012615-044152"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2020.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.1064106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjv050"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.25.6.665"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.31.1271"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e3181ad25b6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12400"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.8.3758-3766.1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.8.4362-4368.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2337"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-018-0265-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20211846"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-14-469"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1006641"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-023-00768-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2020.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15342-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000662"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000380"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2022.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03852-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-021-00470-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13182"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.110058"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000859"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02469"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-324855"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa124"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvv147"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-021-00694-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.079392"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2025-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1120331"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.03491-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520600976266"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1110156109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1998.275.3.G564"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.11.294"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-305320"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp616"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2017.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010310"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-9-559"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"}],"container-title":["Immunology &amp; Cell Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/imcb.70031","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T04:31:18Z","timestamp":1750134678000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/imcb.70031"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/imcb.70031"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imcb.70031","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0818-9641","1440-1711"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0818-9641","type":"print"},{"value":"1440-1711","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-10-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-05","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}