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Since they encounter a huge variety of normal and abnormal cells, they experience many different combinations and concentrations of ligands. Understanding immune responses therefore requires platforms that enable ligands to be easily manipulated. We review and compare the available platforms, focusing on T\u2010cell recognition. Although genetically modified antigen\u2010presenting cells (APCs) offer the most physiological system, manipulating their ligands is difficult and slow. In contrast, solid surfaces or supported lipid bilayers allow easy manipulation of ligands but lack the biophysical properties of cells, such as softness, a glycocalyx, and\/or ligand mobility. A recently developed CombiCell system enables easy manipulation of ligands while conserving key biophysical properties. 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