{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T08:42:07Z","timestamp":1791362527989,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766707200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DFG RTG 1949"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFG RTG 1949"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014690","name":"Ministerium f\u00fcr Kultur und Wissenschaft des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["323\u20108.03\u2010151826"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["323\u20108.03\u2010151826"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunol Cell Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Human invariant natural killer T\u00a0cells (iNKT) play an important role in an orchestrated immune response; however, the heterogeneity of iNKT subsets is not yet fully understood. Here, we uncovered CD38 as a marker of iNKT differentiation, decoupling it from its role as a marker of activation by comparing the phenotype, cytokine profile and transcription factor expression of iNKT\u00a0cell subsets in humans. Expression of CD38 on resting iNKT\u00a0cells was restricted to cells that were low in well\u2010described maturity markers such as CD161 and CCR5 and co\u2010expressed markers associated with undifferentiated T\u00a0cells (CD45RA, CCR7, CD62L). High abundance of CD38\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    iNKT\u00a0cells in human infant thymus and cord blood supported the immature nature of this subset. Functional analysis revealed that the CD38\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    phenotype of resting iNKT\u00a0cells was accompanied by diminished type 1 cytokine release, which was reflected by reduced expression of the transcription factor EOMES. Moreover,\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    stimulation of sorted CD38\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and CD38\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    iNKT\u00a0cells demonstrated the distinct phenotype of cells expressing CD38 in a resting state and activation\u2010induced CD38. These findings suggest a context\u2010dependent role of CD38 expression on iNKT\u00a0cells, distinguishing activated from resting iNKT\u00a0cells where CD38 expression marks a subset of undifferentiated cells with altered functionality. Taken together, we describe a population of iNKT\u00a0cells that extends the remarkable heterogeneity of the iNKT\u00a0cell compartment beyond the presence of CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and CD4\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    subsets.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.70074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T11:12:12Z","timestamp":1766747532000},"page":"109-124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Expression of CD38 on resting peripheral iNKT\u00a0cells defines an immature subpopulation with distinct functionality in humans"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"104","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2211-8766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Menne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"},{"name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute The Royal Children's Hospital  Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naeimeh","family":"Tavakolinia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute The Royal Children's Hospital  Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis","family":"Perriman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute The Royal Children's Hospital  Melbourne VIC Australia"},{"name":"The Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute  Ballarat VIC Australia"},{"name":"Federation University  Ballarat VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wiebke","family":"Moskorz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Cosmovici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Olejnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Raba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics Medical Faculty, Heinrich\u2010Heine University  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei RM","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute The Royal Children's Hospital  Melbourne VIC Australia"},{"name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Murdoch Children's Research Institute  Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando J","family":"Rossello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute The Royal Children's Hospital  Melbourne VIC Australia"},{"name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Murdoch Children's Research Institute  Melbourne VIC Australia"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology University of Melbourne  Melbourne VIC Australia"},{"name":"Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute Monash University  Clayton VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor E","family":"Konstantinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute The Royal Children's Hospital  Melbourne VIC Australia"},{"name":"Melbourne Centre for Cardiovascular Genomics and Regenerative Medicine  Melbourne VIC Australia"},{"name":"Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Children's Hospital  Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart P","family":"Berzins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute  Ballarat VIC Australia"},{"name":"Federation University  Ballarat VIC Australia"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne  Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel G","family":"Pellicci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute The Royal Children's Hospital  Melbourne VIC Australia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics University of Melbourne  Melbourne VIC Australia"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne  Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Timm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty  D\u00fcsseldorf 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