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Precisely how antigen\u2010presenting cells capture these MR1 ligands is not known. Here, we show that the most effective route for presentation of bacterial VitBAg involves passage through the cytosol. Consistent with structural similarities with riboflavin, we find that VitBAg presentation is inhibited by riboflavin. We further show that riboflavin carriers transport VitBAg into cells and enhance MR1 antigen presentation to MAIT\u00a0cells. However, elimination of specific riboflavin carriers does not ablate VitBAg presentation, indicating cells possess redundant mechanisms to internalize this family of MR1 ligands. Our findings provide new insights into the intracellular pathway used by VitBAg to bind MR1 molecules and identify potential approaches to boost MR1\u2010mediated MAIT\u00a0cell responses for therapeutic benefits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.70130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T02:46:16Z","timestamp":1778121976000},"page":"595-608","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cytosolic delivery of bacterial metabolites by riboflavin transporters promotes\n                    <scp>MR1<\/scp>\n                    antigen presentation and\n                    <scp>MAIT<\/scp>\n                    cell recognition"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Cruz\u2010Gomez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity  Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui Jing","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity  Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brunda","family":"Nijagal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology University of Melbourne  Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity  Melbourne VIC Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Tsinghua University  Beijing 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Australia"},{"name":"Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science The University of Queensland  Brisbane QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayley","family":"Newton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity  Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariolina","family":"Salio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Medicine University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose A","family":"Villadangos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity  Melbourne VIC Australia"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute  Parkville VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamish EG","family":"McWilliam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity  Melbourne VIC 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