{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T09:59:32Z","timestamp":1790848772570,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunol Cell Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The skin microbiota has been reframed as a dynamic and active regulator of cutaneous barrier integrity and immune programming, moving beyond its traditional view as a passive microbial community. Dysbiosis represents a complex functional and ecological imbalance that disrupts barrier integrity and may promote sustained inflammatory immune remodeling. This mechanistic axis, in which disruption of the microbiota contributes to barrier failure and immune dysregulation, underpins chronic inflammatory skin conditions. Conventional antibiotic\u2010centered therapies often fail to restore microbial homeostasis or immune balance, highlighting their limitations. Emerging precision microbiome therapeutics focus on targeted modulation of microbial function, signaling pathways, and ecological restoration to repair barrier defects and recalibrate immune responses. This review synthesizes current evidence linking skin microbiota dysbiosis with barrier dysfunction, inflammatory immune remodeling, and emerging microbiome\u2010directed therapeutic strategies. We propose an integrative framework linking ecological disruption, epithelial barrier injury, and immune dysregulation while highlighting unresolved mechanistic, translational, and knowledge gaps, such as detailed molecular mechanisms of host\u2013microbiota interactions and challenges in translating findings into clinically effective personalized interventions. Future research should prioritize multi\u2010omics integration and biomarker\u2010driven stratification to advance precision dermatology therapeutics grounded in mechanistic insights of skin microbial ecology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.70161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T11:02:07Z","timestamp":1788174127000},"page":"906-928","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Dysbiosis\u2013Barrier\u2013Immune Axis: Unraveling the Immune Consequences of Skin Microbial Imbalance"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"104","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3487-1971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Mahdy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Department, School of Biotechnology Badr University in Cairo (BUC)  Badr City Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8148-1137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismail","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Microbiology and Parasitology Department Badr University in Cairo (BUC)  Badr City Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5528-3683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hend H.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biotechnology Badr University in Cairo  Badr City Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Hamdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Zagazig University  Zagazig Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8130-730X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled","family":"Abuelhaded","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biotechnology Badr University in Cairo (BUC)  Badr City Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1140-8338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled M.","family":"Alam\u2010ElDein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Department, School of Biotechnology Badr University in Cairo  Badr City Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0121-8124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omneya M.","family":"Elbakry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department King Salman International University  El\u2010Tor Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adel","family":"Abdelkhalek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Food Safety, Hygiene and Technology Department Badr University in Cairo (BUC)  Badr City Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5875-7987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Elkhawanky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Department of Clinical Pathology Al\u2010Azhar University  Damietta Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atef S.","family":"Elgebaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy Department Ahram Canadian University  Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed H. 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