{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:06:41Z","timestamp":1790071601929,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2027815"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2027815"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunol Cell Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Micro\u2010RNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of human immunity, controlling critical cellular programmes including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and immune activation to shape the host response to infection. Multiple human\u2010infecting viruses encode their own miRNA (v\u2010miRNA), enabling them to co\u2010opt host gene regulatory machinery to subvert immunity, establish persistence and evade immune\u2010mediated killing. This review synthesizes the current evidence on viral miRNAs and their roles in host\u2013virus interactions, with an explicit focus on immune regulation. We examine how different viruses use v\u2010miRNAs to modulate core immune functions, including antigen presentation, cytokine signaling, NK and CD8 T\u2010cell activation, and apoptosis. We also examine how v\u2010miRNAs manipulate viral gene expression to aid immune evasion and promote persistence. Particular emphasis is placed on experimentally validated immune targets and their clinical consequences. Collectively, these examples illustrate the convergent evolution of v\u2010miRNA\u2010mediated immune evasion across diverse viral families. Understanding this class of molecules will provide insight into critical immune evasion strategies employed by clinically important viruses and may identify novel targets for diagnostic and antiviral therapeutics, including antagomir\u2010based and RNA silencing approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.70164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T09:37:46Z","timestamp":1790069866000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unmasking the Influence of Viral Micro\u2010RNAs on Host Immunity"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9240-6265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riley J. K.","family":"Easton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science University of Technology Sydney  Ultimo Australia"},{"name":"Tuberculosis Group, Infectious Diseases and Immunity Centenary Institute  Camperdown Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0540-4445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernadette M.","family":"Saunders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science University of Technology Sydney  Ultimo Australia"},{"name":"Tuberculosis Group, Infectious Diseases and Immunity Centenary Institute  Camperdown Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D155","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1141","article-title":"miRBase: From microRNA Sequences to Function","volume":"47","author":"Kozomara A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Research"},{"issue":"5671","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1096781","article-title":"Identification of Virus\u2010Encoded MicroRNAs","volume":"304","author":"Pfeffer S.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.112408.134243","article-title":"Viruses, MicroRNAs, and Host Interactions","volume":"64","author":"Skalsky R. 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