{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T02:41:23Z","timestamp":1791081683837,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,15]],"date-time":"2013-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1384473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Internal Medicine Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed invasive cancer in New Zealand women and modifiable lifestyle risk factors may contribute to this.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To estimate population attributable risks for modifiable lifestyle factors and breast cancer in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>ew <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Z<\/jats:styled-content>ealand.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Estimates of the magnitude of the impact of modifiable lifestyle risk factors for breast cancer (relative risks and odds ratios obtained from published epidemiological studies) and the prevalence of exposure in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>ew <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Z<\/jats:styled-content>ealand were used to calculate the population attributable risk percent (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAR<\/jats:styled-content>%) for each risk factor. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAR<\/jats:styled-content>% show the relative importance of these considered risk factors and give an indication of the potential impact of reducing the prevalence of these lifestyle risk factors on the incidence of breast cancer in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>ew <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Z<\/jats:styled-content>ealand.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Six modifiable lifestyle factors were identified for breast cancer. These were obesity, lack of physical activity, high alcohol intake, oral contraceptive use, hormone replacement therapy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HRT<\/jats:styled-content>) and delayed first birth. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAR<\/jats:styled-content>% for these risk factors ranged from 1% for delayed first birth to 10% for obesity (16% for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>aori women and 17% for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>acific women).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The most important primary preventive strategies to reduce the risk of breast cancer in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>ew <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Z<\/jats:styled-content>ealand are lifestyle changes to reduce obesity, promoting regular physical activity (which may in turn reduce the prevalence of obesity), reducing <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HRT<\/jats:styled-content> use and avoiding high alcohol intake. Strategies that encourage regular physical activity and reduce obesity could also have other benefits, such as reduced risks of cardiovascular disease and diabetes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.12256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,30]],"date-time":"2013-07-30T12:07:11Z","timestamp":1375186031000},"page":"1198-1204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Population attributable risks for modifiable lifestyle factors and breast cancer in <scp>N<\/scp>ew <scp>Z<\/scp>ealand women"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Hayes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Science and Allied Health Christchurch Polytechnic Institute of Technology  Christchurch New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne Francis Cancer Epidemiology Research Group University of Canterbury  Christchurch New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Frampton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics University of Otago  Christchurch New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"Cancer: New Registrations and Deaths 2009","author":"Ministry of Health","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","volume-title":"Cancer Projections: Incidence 2004\u201308 to 2014\u201318","author":"Ministry of Health","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"403","volume-title":"Breast Cancer","author":"Hankinson S","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-6-170"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2010.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn143"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/154.4.389"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","unstructured":"Statistics New Zealand.Births and deaths.2011. [cited 2012 May 16]. Available from URL:http:\/\/www.stats.govt.nz\/browse_for_stats\/population\/births\/info\u2010releases.aspx"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","volume-title":"A Portrait of Health: Key Results of the 2006\/07 New Zealand Health Survey","author":"Ministry of Health","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","volume-title":"A Focus on Nutrition: Key Findings of the 2008\/09 New Zealand Adult Nutrition Survey","author":"University of Otago and Ministry of Health","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","first-page":"250","article-title":"Changes in the use of hormone replacement therapy in New Zealand from 1991\u20131997","volume":"114","author":"North F","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7419.845"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"117","article-title":"Changes in the use of Hormone Replacement Therapy in New Zealand Following the Publication of the Women's Health Initiative Trial","volume":"117","author":"Bilgrami I","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","volume-title":"Modern Epidemiology","author":"Rothman KJ","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1406.071008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7261.624"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66546-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(00)00254-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910460408"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09454-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2001.00822.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9776(03)00145-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6600596"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39367.495995.AE"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1185\/030079901750120187"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","volume-title":"Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention","author":"Colditz G","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","volume-title":"Weight Control and Physical Activity","author":"IARC","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","first-page":"E1","article-title":"Physical activity and the prevention of breast cancer","volume":"5","author":"McTiernan A","year":"2000","journal-title":"Medscape Womens Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(20000301)88:5 <1248::AID-CNCR12>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61031-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)90806-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/erc.0.0070053"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001622-200109000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.24.3243"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14065-2","article-title":"Breast cancer and hormone\u2010replacement therapy in the Million Women Study","volume":"362","author":"Million Women Study Collaborators","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0463.2001.090501.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","first-page":"156","article-title":"Breast cancer prevention: a review of current evidence","volume":"50","author":"Vogel V","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","volume-title":"Raising Children in New Zealand: Patterns of Family Formation and Change in New Zealand","author":"Dharmalingam A","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health.A portrait of health: key results of the 2006\/07 New Zealand Health Survey.2008. [cited 2013 Aug 13]. Available from URL:http:\/\/www.health.govt.nz\/publication\/portrait\u2010health\u2010online\u2010data\u2010tables\u20102006\u201007\u2010new\u2010zealand\u2010health\u2010survey\u2010results"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","first-page":"809","article-title":"Contraceptive practice in New Zealand","volume":"101","author":"Paul C","year":"1988","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.2007.00805.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"Combined oral contraceptive: issues for current users","volume":"12","author":"Roberts H","year":"2008","journal-title":"Best Pract J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","unstructured":"The President's Council on Physical Fitness R from Physical Activity and Health.A report of the surgeon general.2012. [cited 2012 Feb 5]. Available from URL:http:\/\/www.fitness.gov\/about\u2010pcfsn\/executive\u2010order\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","volume-title":"The Burden of Disease and Injury in New Zealand","author":"Ministry of Health","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","unstructured":"WHO.Physical activity.Global Strategy on Diet Physical Activity and Health2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Social Development.Obesity.The Social Report2010. [cited 2012 Jan 26]. Available from URL:http:\/\/socialreport.msd.govt.nz\/health\/obesity.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2008.tb01821.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03404862"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114174"}],"container-title":["Internal Medicine Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fimj.12256","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/imj.12256","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T13:43:17Z","timestamp":1696167797000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/imj.12256"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/imj.12256"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imj.12256","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1444-0903","1445-5994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1444-0903","type":"print"},{"value":"1445-5994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2013-05-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-07-17","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-11-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}