{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T00:11:57Z","timestamp":1794010317989,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,23]],"date-time":"2014-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1390435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009727","name":"The Hospital Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009727","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The Health Observatory and a University of Adelaide Scholarship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Internal Medicine Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Background\/Aim<\/jats:title>To determine the epidemiology and clinical features of biopsy\u2010proven giant cell arteritis (GCA<\/jats:styled-content>) in South A<\/jats:styled-content>ustralia (SA<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Patients with biopsy\u2010proven GCA<\/jats:styled-content> were identified from pathology reports of temporal artery biopsies at SA P<\/jats:styled-content>athology laboratories, from 1 J<\/jats:styled-content>anuary 1992, to 31 J<\/jats:styled-content>uly 2011. Epidemiological data were collected through patient questionnaires and standardised case note reviews. Incidence was estimated using A<\/jats:styled-content>ustralian B<\/jats:styled-content>ureau of S<\/jats:styled-content>tatistics population data for SA<\/jats:styled-content>. Seasonality was analysed by Cosinor analysis, and time\u2010to\u2010 event analysis was performed for the duration of steroid use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>There were 314 cases of biopsy\u2010proven GCA<\/jats:styled-content> (72% female). The mean age at diagnosis of GCA<\/jats:styled-content> was 78 years (interquartile range 72\u201382). The estimated population incidence for people over 50 was 3.2 per 100\u2009000 person years. The female\u2009:\u2009male incidence ratio was 2.3 (P<\/jats:italic> < 0.001), and incidence increased with each age decade. There was evidence of seasonal variation (P<\/jats:italic> = 0.015), with higher rates observed in the summer months.<\/jats:p>Clinical data were available for 163 patients (68% female, median age 78 years). The most common presenting clinical features were temporal headache (74%), visual disturbance (68.4%), jaw claudication (59.3%) and symptoms of polymyalgia rheumatica (56%). The median initial steroid dose was 60\u2009mg, with median duration of steroid use 4.5 years. Corticosteroid side\u2010effects were common, affecting 89%, with 34% reporting five or more.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>This is the first epidemiological study of Australian biopsy\u2010proven GCA<\/jats:styled-content> patients. Age at onset and gender associations were similar to other W<\/jats:styled-content>estern populations. There was a high burden of steroid use in these patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.12293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,12]],"date-time":"2013-10-12T02:04:54Z","timestamp":1381543494000},"page":"32-39","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Epidemiology of biopsy\u2010proven giant cell arteritis in S<\/scp>outh A<\/scp>ustralia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"E.","family":"Dunstan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit The Queen Elizabeth Hospital Adelaide South Australia Australia"},{"name":"Discipline of Medicine The University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. L.","family":"Lester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit The Queen Elizabeth Hospital Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Rischmueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit The Queen Elizabeth Hospital Adelaide South Australia Australia"},{"name":"Discipline of Medicine The University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Dodd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SA Pathology Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Medicine The University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Ahern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Repatriation General Hospital Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. G.","family":"Cleland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit Royal Adelaide Hospital Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Roberts\u2010Thomson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology SA Pathology, Flinders University Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. L.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit The Queen Elizabeth Hospital Adelaide South Australia Australia"},{"name":"Discipline of Medicine The University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61077-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20171"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/eci.10.59"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"44","article-title":"The epidemiology of giant cell arteritis in Otago, New Zealand: a 9\u2010year analysis","volume":"124","author":"Abdul\u2010Rahman AM","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780300308"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780370705"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2005.046912"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20227"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780340313"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0b013e31803d1764"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-008-8075-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v014.i09"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","unstructured":"3101.0 Australian Demographic Statistics Table 54: Estimated Resident Population by Single Year of Age South Australia. December 2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-10748-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2012-001","article-title":"Season: Analysing Seasonal Data R Functions","volume":"4","author":"Barnett AG","year":"2012","journal-title":"The R Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/39.12.1396"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","first-page":"2624","article-title":"Temporal arteritis in Vest Agder County in southern Norway: incidence and clinical findings","volume":"27","author":"Haugeberg G","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/38.12.1208"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780330810"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","first-page":"S15","article-title":"The incidence of giant cell arteritis in Jerusalem over a 25\u2010year period: annual and seasonal fluctuations","volume":"25","author":"Bas\u2010Lando M","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003693307902400203"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","first-page":"112","article-title":"Synchronous variations of the incidence of temporal arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica in different regions of Denmark; association with epidemics of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection","volume":"23","author":"Elling P","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","first-page":"S16","article-title":"Implication of the age in the clinical spectrum of giant cell arteritis","volume":"26","author":"Lopez\u2010Diaz MJ","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11195"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq039a"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2011.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22754"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-146-9-200705010-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","first-page":"S29","article-title":"The role of disease\u2010modifying antirheumatic drugs in the treatment of giant cell arteritis","volume":"21","author":"Nuenninghoff DM","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/912562"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.101254"}],"container-title":["Internal Medicine Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fimj.12293","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/imj.12293","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T22:39:23Z","timestamp":1696286363000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/imj.12293"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/imj.12293"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imj.12293","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1444-0903","1445-5994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1444-0903","type":"print"},{"value":"1445-5994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2013-06-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-09-25","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-01-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}