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Understanding such costs is important to inform economic evaluations of prevention strategies and treatment options.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Aim<\/jats:title>To estimate the costs associated with CKD in Australia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>We used data from the 2004\/2005 A<\/jats:styled-content>usD<\/jats:styled-content>iab study, a national longitudinal population\u2010based study of non\u2010institutionalised A<\/jats:styled-content>ustralian adults aged \u226525 years. We included 6138 participants with CKD<\/jats:styled-content>, diabetes and healthcare cost data. The annual age and sex\u2010adjusted costs per person were estimated using a generalised linear model. Costs were inflated from 2005 to 2012 A<\/jats:styled-content>ustralian dollars using best practice methods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Among 6138 study participants, there was a significant difference in the per\u2010person annual direct healthcare costs by CKD<\/jats:styled-content> status, increasing from $1829 (95% confidence interval (CI<\/jats:styled-content>): $1740\u20131943) for those without CKD<\/jats:styled-content> to $14\u2009545 (95% CI<\/jats:styled-content>: $5680\u201344\u2009842) for those with stage 4 or 5 CKD<\/jats:styled-content> (P<\/jats:italic> < 0.01). Similarly, there was a significant difference in the per\u2010person annual direct non\u2010healthcare costs by CKD<\/jats:styled-content> status from $524 (95% CI<\/jats:styled-content>: $413\u2013641) for those without CKD<\/jats:styled-content> to $2349 (95% CI<\/jats:styled-content>: $386\u20135156) for those with stage 4 or 5 CKD<\/jats:styled-content> (P<\/jats:italic> < 0.01). Diabetes is a common cause of CKD<\/jats:styled-content> and is associated with increased health costs. Costs per person were higher for those with diabetes than those without diabetes in all CKD<\/jats:styled-content> groups; however, this was significant only for those without CKD<\/jats:styled-content> and those with early stage (stage 1 or 2) CKD<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>Individuals with CKD<\/jats:styled-content> incur 85% higher healthcare costs and 50% higher government subsidies than individuals without CKD<\/jats:styled-content>, and costs increase by CKD<\/jats:styled-content> stage. Primary and secondary prevention strategies may reduce costs and warrant further consideration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.12797","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,6]],"date-time":"2015-05-06T06:46:58Z","timestamp":1430894818000},"page":"741-747","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Cost to government and society of chronic kidney disease stage 1\u20135: a national cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"M. L. R.","family":"Wyld","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney Medical School University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. M. Y.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"X.","family":"Zhuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Diabetes Translation National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion CDC Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney Medical School University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. E.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. L.","family":"Morton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney Medical School University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Health Economics Research Centre Nuffield Department of Population Health University of Oxford Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Colagiuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. J.","family":"Chadban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney Medical School University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.An overview of chronic kidney disease in Australia 2009 Cat. no. PHE 111. Canberra: AIHW.2009."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.Health care expenditure on chronic kidney disease in Australia. Cat. no. PHE 117. Canberra: AIHW;2009."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","volume-title":"Stock and Flow: Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry Report 2012","author":"Grace B","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000126069.68755.99"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2012.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","volume-title":"The Main Methodological Issues in Costing Health Care Services: A Literature Review","author":"Mogyorosy Z","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","volume-title":"AusDiab 2005: The Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study. 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October2012. [cited 2014 May 28]. Available from URL:http:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/pubs\/ft\/weo\/2012\/02\/weodata\/index.aspx"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1332\/174426410X482999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics.Population by Age and Sex Australian States and Territories June 2012.2012. [cited 2014 May 28]. 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