{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T18:38:59Z","timestamp":1791225539560,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,3]],"date-time":"2016-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1464912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Internal Medicine Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"abstract":"Background<\/jats:title>The Barwon area in Australia has one of the highest incidence rates of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD<\/jats:styled-content>) and therefore is an ideal location to study the impact of environmental exposures on the disease's development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Aim<\/jats:title>To study these exposures prior to the development of IBD<\/jats:styled-content> in a population\u2010based cohort.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Method<\/jats:title>One hundred and thirty\u2010two incident cases (81 Crohn disease (CD<\/jats:styled-content>) and 51 ulcerative colitis (UC<\/jats:styled-content>)) from an IBD<\/jats:styled-content> registry and 104 controls replied to the International Organization of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases environmental questionnaire. This included 87 questions about pre\u2010illness exposures that included childhood illnesses, vaccinations, breastfeeding, house amenities, pets and swimming, diet and smoking.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>The factors associated with CD<\/jats:styled-content> included smoking (odds ratio (OR<\/jats:styled-content>): 1.42, confidence interval (CI<\/jats:styled-content>): 1\u20132.02, P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.029); childhood events, including tonsillectomy (OR<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.74, CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.15\u20132.6, P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003) and chicken pox infection (OR<\/jats:styled-content>: 3.89, CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.61\u20139.4, P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.005) and pre\u2010diagnosis intake of frequent fast food (OR<\/jats:styled-content>: 2.26, CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.76\u20134.33, P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003). In UC<\/jats:styled-content>, the risk factors included smoking (OR<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.39, CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.1\u20131.92, P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.026) and pre\u2010diagnosis intake of frequent fast food (OR<\/jats:styled-content>: 2.91, CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.54\u20135.58, P<\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.001), and high caffeine intake was protective (OR<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.51, 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.3\u20130.87, P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002). Other protective exposures for UC<\/jats:styled-content> included high fruit intake (OR<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.59, CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.4\u20130.88, P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003) and having pets as a child (OR<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.36, CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.2\u20130.79, P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>This first Australian population\u2010based study of environmental risk factors confirms that smoking, childhood immunological events and dietary factors play a role in IBD<\/jats:styled-content> development; while high caffeine intake and pet ownership offer a protective effect.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.13094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,10]],"date-time":"2016-04-10T12:23:06Z","timestamp":1460290986000},"page":"669-676","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Influence of food and lifestyle on the risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3476-0422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"O.","family":"Niewiadomski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology The University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Studd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department Royal Hobart Hospital Hobart Tasmania Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department North West Regional Hospital Burnie Tasmania Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology The University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Hair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department Barwon Health Geelong Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department Barwon Health Geelong Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Prewett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department Barwon Health Geelong Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Dabkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department Barwon Health Geelong Victoria 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