{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T04:22:07Z","timestamp":1768882927400,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,16]],"date-time":"2016-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1473984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Internal Medicine Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In Australia, and internationally, the shortage of organ and tissue donors significantly limits the number of patients with critical organ or tissue failure who are able to receive a transplant each year. The rationale for xenotransplantation \u2013 the transplantation of living cells, tissues or organs from one species to another \u2013 is to meet this shortfall in human donor material. While early clinical trials showed promise, particularly in patients with type I diabetes whose insulin dependence could be temporarily reversed by the transplantation of porcine islet cells, these benefits have been balanced with scientific, clinical and ethical concerns revolving around the risks of immune rejection and the potential transmission of porcine endogenous retroviruses or other infectious agents from porcine grafts to human recipients. However, the advent of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRISPR<\/jats:styled-content>\/Cas9, a revolutionary gene editing technology, has reignited interest in the field with the possibility of genetically engineering porcine organs and tissues that are less immunogenic and have virtually no risk of transmission of porcine endogenous retroviruses. At the same time, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRISPR<\/jats:styled-content>\/Cas9 may also open up a myriad of possibilities for tissue engineering and stem cell research, which may complement xenotransplantation research by providing an additional source of donor cells, tissues and organs for transplantation into patients. The recent international symposium on gene editing, organised by the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">US<\/jats:styled-content> National Academy of Sciences, highlights both the enormous therapeutic potential of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRISPR<\/jats:styled-content>\/Cas9 and the raft of ethical and regulatory challenges that may follow its utilisation in transplantation and in medicine more generally.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.13183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,16]],"date-time":"2016-09-16T06:11:59Z","timestamp":1474006319000},"page":"1017-1022","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Gene editing advance re\u2010ignites debate on the merits and risks of animal to human transplantation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"R. K. F.","family":"Fung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Values, Ethics and the Law in Medicine, School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School The University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Royal Prince Alfred Hospital  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I. H.","family":"Kerridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Values, Ethics and the Law in Medicine, School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School The University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Department of Haematology Royal North Shore Hospital  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcibr1515623"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1258096"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine. International Summit on Human Gene Editing: A Global Discussion. Washington DC: The National Academies Press; 2016; 1\u20138 [cited 2016 Jun 25]. 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Animal\u2010to\u2010human transplantation research: how should Australia proceed? Response to the 2002 public consultation on Draft Guidelines and Discussion Paper on Xenotransplantation. Public consultation 2003\u201304. Office of NHMRC [cited 2016 Jan 1]. Available from URL:https:\/\/www.nhmrc.gov.au\/_files_nhmrc\/file\/health_ethics\/human\/issues\/animal_human_transplantation_how_aust_proceed_e55.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","unstructured":"National Health and Medical Research Council. NHMRC statement on xenotransplantation [cited 2016 Jul 1]. Available from URL:https:\/\/www.nhmrc.gov.au\/media\/nhmrc_updates\/2009\/nhmrc\u2010statement\u2010xenotransplantation"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","unstructured":"National Health and Medical Research Council. Consultation Paper. Chapter 3.6: Xenotransplantation [cited 2016 Jun 8]. 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