{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T17:20:43Z","timestamp":1788801643741,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,21]],"date-time":"2019-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Internal Medicine Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with global numbers, Australia has enjoyed relatively good tuberculosis control over the past 30 years, with an annual incidence of 5.7 per 100 000 population. Thanks to its unique geography and proximity to high\u2010burden countries, such as Papua New Guinea (PNG), Far North Queensland (FNQ) has previously been shown to have higher rates of tuberculosis compared with both the state and national average.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To document tuberculosis epidemiology in FNQ compared to two previous audits of the region.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective clinical audit of all cases of tuberculosis reported to the Cairns Tuberculosis Control Unit between 2006 and 2016.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 453 cases were identified, 374 with microbiological\/histological confirmation. There were 312 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis, 155 extrapulmonary and 21 disseminated. Three\u2010quarters (327\/453) were identified in the overseas\u2010born population. Of the remaining 126 cases, 40 were Torres Strait Islander and 19 Aboriginal Australians. Where drug susceptibility was known, two\u2010thirds (247\/368) were fully sensitive, 42 mono\u2010resistant, 78 multidrug resistant and 1 extensively drug resistant. Rates of human immunodeficiency virus co\u2010infection were less than 3% (10\/362).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tuberculosis remains a significant problem in FNQ. Case numbers have increased threefold since the 1990s. Much of the increase comes from the overseas\u2010born population. Although PNG accounts for the majority, the number of positive notifications among those born abroad has increased fivefold since 2010. Tuberculosis among Aboriginal Australians has decreased following policy changes in response to previous audits. However, tuberculosis in Torres Strait residents has increased from 12 cases (1993\u20132002) to 40 cases (2006\u20132016).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.13994","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,5]],"date-time":"2018-06-05T07:35:42Z","timestamp":1528184142000},"page":"333-338","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Tuberculosis in Far North Queensland, Australia: a retrospective clinical audit"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5372-7751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malcolm","family":"Wilson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine Cairns Hospital Cairns Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Weston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine Cairns Hospital Cairns Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Mullen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine Cairns Hospital Cairns Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trevor","family":"Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine Cairns Hospital Cairns Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine Cairns Hospital Cairns Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E247","DOI":"10.33321\/cdi.2017.41.35","article-title":"Annual report: tuberculosis notifications in Australia, 2014","volume":"41","author":"Toms C","year":"2017","journal-title":"Commun Dis Intell"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global Tuberculosis Report 2017. Licence: CC BY\u2010NCSA 3.0 IGO. Geneva: World Health Organization;2017[cited 2018 Mar 6]. Available from URL:http:\/\/www.who.int\/tb\/publications\/global_report\/MainText_13Nov2017.pdf?ua=1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"1096","article-title":"Tuberculosis in Far North Queensland, Australia","volume":"3","author":"Simpson G","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00219.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"145","volume-title":"A Clinician's Guide to Tuberculosis","author":"Iseman MD","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics. National Regional Profile: Data by Region.2014[cited 2016 Sep 25]. Available from URL:http:\/\/stat.abs.gov.au\/itt\/r.jsp?databyregion#\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/23.5.954"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","volume-title":"The Handbook. Global Edition","author":"Lumb R","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.17.0180"}],"container-title":["Internal Medicine Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fimj.13994","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/imj.13994","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/imj.13994","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/imj.13994","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T23:53:35Z","timestamp":1751673215000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/imj.13994"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/imj.13994"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imj.13994","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1444-0903","1445-5994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1444-0903","type":"print"},{"value":"1445-5994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-03-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-05-27","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-03-21","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}