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This was worn by mediaeval Plague Doctors as protection according to the Miasma Theory of disease propagation. The plague (or Black Death), ravaged Europe over several centuries with each pandemic leaving millions of people dead. The cause of the contagion was not known, nor was there a cure, which added to the widespread desperation and fear. Venice was a major seaport, and each visitation of the plague (beginning in 1348) devastated the local population. In response, Venetians were among the first to establish the principles of quarantine and \u2018Lazarets\u2019 which we still use today. Plague outbreaks have occurred in Australia, notably in Sydney (1900\u20131925), and continue to flare up in poorer communities, most recently in Madagascar (2017). Antibiotics are the mainstay of treatment, but there are concerns regarding the emergence of resistant pathogenic strains of<jats:italic>Yersinia pestis,<\/jats:italic>and their potential use in bio\u2010terrorism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.14285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]],"date-time":"2019-05-13T23:39:35Z","timestamp":1557790775000},"page":"671-676","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The Plague Doctor of Venice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7284-403X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian J.","family":"Mussap","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Liverpool Hospital and South Western Sydney Clinical School, The University of NSW Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1078\/1438-4639-00259"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60566-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_4_1","unstructured":"Plague. 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Decameron;1351."},{"key":"e_1_2_3_6_1","first-page":"122","article-title":"Antimonyall Cupps: Pocula Emetica or Calices Vomitorii","volume":"19","author":"Thomson SC","year":"1926","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_7_1","first-page":"680","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Infectious Diseases: Modern Methodologies","author":"Lucenet M","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_8_1","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Public Health","author":"Last JM","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_9_1","volume-title":"In the Arms of Morpheus: The Tragic History of Morphine, Laudanum and Patent Medicines","author":"Hodgson B","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2004.02147.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_11_1","first-page":"111","volume-title":"Mysteries of the Human Body","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_12_1","first-page":"34","article-title":"Mummy as a drug","volume":"21","author":"Dawson WR","year":"1927","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_13_1","series-title":"American Lecture Series","volume-title":"An Historical Account of Pharmacology to the 20th Century","author":"Leake CD","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_14_1","volume-title":"The Black Death: Natural and Human Disaster in Medieval Europe","author":"Gottfried RS","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_15_1","unstructured":"The Contract of a Plague Doctor. [cited 2018 Jul]. Available from URL:http:\/\/www.thecaveonline.com\/APEH\/plaguedoctorcontract.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_16_1","unstructured":"Rosenhek J.Doctors of the Black Death.Doctor's Review. [cited 2018 Jul]. 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