{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T05:37:47Z","timestamp":1778391467828,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]],"date-time":"2020-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Internal Medicine Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cannabis has been used as a medicine for millennia. Prohibition in the mid\u201020th century precluded early scientific investigation. \u2018Cannabis\u2019 describes three separate forms \u2013 herbal cannabis, \u2018hemp\u2019 products, pharmaceutical\u2010grade regulated cannabinoid\u2010based medical products (CBMP). In Australia, CBMP became available for prescription in November 2016. Herbal cannabis with \u03949\u2010tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is illegal, and cannabidiol (CBD) in herbal extracts, are both unregulated and unreliable sources of cannabinoids. The endocannabinoid system (ECS), delineated in the late 1990s, has increased the understanding and interest in research for appropriate clinical indications. The ubiquitous ECS has homeostatic and anti\u2010inflammatory effects and comprises cannabinoid receptors, endocannabinoids and degrading enzymes. Phytocannabinoids are partial agonists of the ECS. In pre\u2010clinical studies, THC and CBD produce beneficial effects in chronic pain, anxiety, sleep and inflammation. Systematic reviews often conflate herbal cannabis and CBMP, confusing the evidence. Currently large randomised controlled trials are unlikely to be achieved. Other methodologies with quality end\u2010points are required. Rich, valuable high\u2010quality real\u2010world evidence for the safe and effective use of CBMP provides an opportunity to examine benefits and potential harms. Evidence demonstrates benefit of CBMP in multiple sclerosis, chronic neuropathic pain, chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting, resistant paediatric epilepsy, anxiety and insomnia. CBMP are well tolerated with few serious adverse events. Additional clinical benefits are promising in many other resistant chronic conditions. Pharmaceutical grade prescribed CBMP has proven clinical benefits and provides another clinical option in the physician's pharmacopeia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.15052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]],"date-time":"2020-11-20T20:28:31Z","timestamp":1605904111000},"page":"1326-1332","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Cannabis: are there any benefits?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5953-7732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alistair W.","family":"Vickery","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerald Clinics  Perth Western Australia Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine Notre Dame University  Notre Dame Fremantle, Western Australia Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine University of Western Australia  Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phillip M.","family":"Finch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Notre Dame University  Notre Dame Fremantle, Western Australia Australia"},{"name":"Perth Pain Management Centre  Perth Western Australia Australia"},{"name":"Department of Psychology and Exercise Science Murdoch University  Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520954571"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","volume-title":"History of Cannabis in Western Medicine","author":"Fankhauser M","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The medicinal uses of cannabis and cannabinoids","author":"Russo E","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j2130"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27725"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","unstructured":"GibbsB YatesA LieblingJ. 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