{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T10:58:51Z","timestamp":1773917931942,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]],"date-time":"2022-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Internal Medicine Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Studies examining hypercalcaemia in inpatients were largely published over 20\u2009years ago, and it is likely the epidemiology of hypercalcaemia has changed related to increased lifespan and changes in the prevalence of the underlying causes such as malignancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To explore the epidemiology of hypercalcaemia in a modern tertiary hospital setting in Australia and evaluate the risk of mortality associated with hypercalcaemia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective study was performed in all inpatients with elevated blood calcium levels admitted from July 2013 to June 2018. ICD coding data identified primary diagnoses and mortality. Electronic medical records were reviewed in <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> =\u2009292 patients admitted across 12 months from January to December 2017, to determine the causes of hypercalcaemia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hypercalcaemia occurred in 1819 admissions (0.93% of all hospital admissions), during the 5\u2010year period. The admission primary diagnoses were: malignancy (20% of cases), cardiovascular disease (17%) and gastrointestinal disease (11%). The top causes of hypercalcaemia among the 292 cases where electronic records were reviewed were malignancy (26%), primary hyperparathyroidism (25%) and hyperparathyroidism in the setting of chronic kidney disease (12%). Mortality occurred in 17% of these admissions. Non\u2010survivors had significantly higher calcium levels, phosphate and white cell count, and had lower haemoglobin and albumin levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hypercalcaemia occurred in ~1% of admissions with main causes being malignancy and primary hyperparathyroidism, similar to historical studies. Hypercalcaemia in hospitalised patients is associated with high mortality and higher levels may be a marker for more severe underlying disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.15402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,6]],"date-time":"2021-06-06T07:13:27Z","timestamp":1622963607000},"page":"1596-1601","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Prevalence, causes and associated mortality of hypercalcaemia in modern hospital care"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4456-3035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Senthil","family":"Thillainadesan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology Royal Prince Alfred Hospital  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen M.","family":"Twigg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology Royal Prince Alfred Hospital  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Sydney Medical School and Charles Perkins Centre University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nimalie","family":"Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology Royal Prince Alfred Hospital  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Sydney Medical School and Charles Perkins Centre University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-4022"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1968.tb82823.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"405","article-title":"Hypercalcaemia\u2014a hospital survey","volume":"49","author":"Fisken RA","year":"1980","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/77.3.1277"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.46.6052"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1979.tb117779.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-200603000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","unstructured":"R Core Team.R: a language and environment for statistical computing.2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198510000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.SLA.0000055547.93484.87"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11138\/ccmbm\/2017.14.1.131"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Hypercalcemia of advanced chronic liver disease: a forgotten clinical entity!","volume":"13","author":"Kuchay MS","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1987.00370020092043"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)90220-W"}],"container-title":["Internal Medicine Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/imj.15402","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/imj.15402","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/imj.15402","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T13:38:41Z","timestamp":1692797921000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/imj.15402"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/imj.15402"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imj.15402","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1444-0903","1445-5994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1444-0903","type":"print"},{"value":"1445-5994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-09-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-05-25","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-06-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}