{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T05:01:34Z","timestamp":1792213294234,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]],"date-time":"2022-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Internal Medicine Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS) is non\u2010inflammatory demyelination in response to an osmotic challenge. It can be pontine or extrapontine in presentation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To retrospectively review cases involving ODS and define the spectrum of causes, risk factors, clinical and radiological presentations, and functional outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study utilised data from 15 patients with a mean age of 53.6\u2009years. Malnutrition (9; 60%) and chronic alcoholism (10; 66.7%) were the most common associated disorders. Two (13.3%) patients had severe hyponatraemia (&lt;120\u2009mmol\/L). The average highest single\u2010day change was 5.1\u2009mmol\/L. Radiologically, 14 (93.3%) had pontine and 6 (40%) had extra\u2010pontine lesions. Hypokalaemia (14; 93.3%) and hypophosphataemia (9; 60%) were commonly associated. Common clinical manifestations include altered consciousness\/encephalopathy (9; 60%), dysphagia (4; 26.7%) and limb weakness (4; 26.7%). At 3\u00a0months, two (14.3%) had died and six (40%) were functionally independent (modified Rankin scale 0\u20132).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that ODS occurred despite appropriate correction rates of hyponatraemia. Factors such as malnutrition, chronic alcoholism, hypokalaemia and hypophosphataemia are thought to play a role in its pathogenesis. Approximately half of the patients survived and became functionally independent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.15855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,19]],"date-time":"2022-06-19T11:43:10Z","timestamp":1655638990000},"page":"1154-1162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Osmotic demyelination syndrome: novel risk factors and proposed pathophysiology"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0420-1160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ravi","family":"Ambati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Royal Perth Hospital  Perth Western Australia Australia"},{"name":"Department of Neurology St. John of God Midland Hospital  Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lay 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