{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T05:46:42Z","timestamp":1787636802183,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,11]],"date-time":"2023-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Internal Medicine Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The majority of Indigenous Australians reside in non\u2010urban locations, with reduced access to chest radiology such as computed tomography (CT). Spirometry and chest X\u2010ray (CXR) may be used in the absence of CT; however, the correlation of spirometry indices to CT\u2010defined chronic airway diseases (i.e. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bronchiectasis) compared with CXR among Indigenous people is sparsely reported.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate spirometry indices against CXR and CT findings among adult Indigenous Australians.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Indigenous patients who had undergone a spirometry test between 2012 and 2020 and had a CXR or chest CT scan assessed for the presence (<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>)\/absence (<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>) of airway diseases were included in this study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 643 patients (57% female, 31% remote\/very remote), 364 (57%) had CT and CXR available. Patients who were \u2018CT<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> and CXR<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\u2019 for airway diseases (48%) recorded a mean FVC, FEV<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> and FEV<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\/FVC of 61%, 59% and 0.76 compared to 57%, 49% and 0.66 in the \u2018CT<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CXR<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\u2019 group and 53%, 39% and 0.58 in the \u2018CT<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CXR<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\u2019 group. CXR showed sensitivity (44%) and specificity (88%), while spirometry showed 62% and 77% compared to CT. Spirometry demonstrated predominately restrictive impairment among \u2018CT<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> and CXR<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\u2019 and mixed\/obstructive impairment among \u2018CT<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CXR<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\u2019 and \u2018CT<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CXR<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\u2019 groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Indigenous Australians tend to demonstrate restrictive impairment in the absence of radiological evidence of airway disease. However, in the presence of airway disease, combinations of mixed and obstructive impairments were common. Obstructive impairment shows greater sensitivity for identifying COPD than that shown by CXR; however, CXR shows greater specificity. Hence, spirometry in conjunction with chest radiology should be utilised to aid in the assessment of airway diseases in this population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.16023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T05:49:29Z","timestamp":1675057769000},"page":"1994-2006","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Correlation of spirometry indices to chest radiology in the diagnosis of chronic airway disease among regional and rural Indigenous Australians"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3028-0376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy","family":"Howarth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health and Human Sciences Charles Darwin University  Darwin Northern Territory Australia"},{"name":"Darwin Respiratory and Sleep Health Darwin Private Hospital  Darwin Northern Territory Australia"},{"name":"Department of Technical Physics University of Eastern Finland  Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2375-6746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Gahreman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health and Human Sciences Charles Darwin University  Darwin Northern Territory Australia"},{"name":"Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology East Tennessee State University  Johnson City Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7477-2965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helmi","family":"Ben Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine de Sousse, H\u00f4pital Farhat HACHED de Sousse, Laboratoire de recherche \u2018Insuffisance Cardiaque\u2019 (LR12SP09) Universit\u00e9 de Sousse  Sousse Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lai","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine Royal Darwin Hospital  Darwin Northern Territory Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0788-7137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Subash S.","family":"Heraganahally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Darwin Respiratory and Sleep Health Darwin Private Hospital  Darwin Northern Territory Australia"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine Royal Darwin Hospital  Darwin Northern Territory Australia"},{"name":"College of Medicine and Public Health Flinders University  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30105-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/825107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajr.12349"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S213947"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.14718"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"6390","article-title":"Bronchiectasis among Australian Aboriginal and non\u2010Aboriginal patients in the regional and remote population of the Northern Territory of Australia","volume":"21","author":"Mehra S","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rural Remote Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1754-9485.13295"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12873-022-00570-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","volume-title":"Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians","author":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","unstructured":"State of the World's Indigenous Peoples. Indigenous Peoples' access to Health Services. United Nations.2018[cited 2022 Aug]. Available from URL:https:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/indigenouspeoples\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/03\/The-State-of-The-Worlds-Indigenous-Peoples-WEB.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-1302"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.12.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"359","article-title":"A stepwise approach to the interpretation of pulmonary function tests","volume":"89","author":"Johnson JD","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrnm.2010.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-2113.173064"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.12.10501"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.14112"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lung function parameters among \u201capparently healthy\u201d Australian Aboriginal adults: an Australian Caucasian and Global Lung Initiative (GLI\u20102012) various ethnic norms comparative study","volume":"23","author":"Heraganahally SS","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2021.1928496"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","volume-title":"Ethical Conduct in Research with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples and Communities: Guidelines for Researchers and Stakeholders","author":"National Health and Medical Research Council","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics.Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS): Volume 5\u2014Remoteness Structure July 2011. ABS cat. no. 1270.0.55.005. Canberra: The Bureau."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RTI.0b013e3181b32676"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GaillardF WeerakkodyY. Bronchiectasis. Reference article Radiopaedia.org [cited 2022 Aug 1]. Available from URL:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53347\/rID-1021","DOI":"10.53347\/rID-1021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","unstructured":"ndd Medical Technologies 2017. EasyOne Pro\u00ae [cited 2022 Aug]. Available from URL:https:\/\/www.ndd.ch\/en\/product\/easyone-pro.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00034805"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.1.9712108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2021.1906653"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","first-page":"2101499","article-title":"ERS\/ATS technical standard on interpretive strategies for routine lung function tests","volume":"23","author":"Stanojevic S","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","unstructured":"Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease.Global Strategy for the Diagnosis Management and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease[cited 2022 Aug]. Available from URL:http:\/\/www.goldcopd.org"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja16.00226"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.1997.tb00962.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12482"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41533-021-00219-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.16.0294"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-6958-9-62"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2007.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40248-015-0003-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare2020. Australia's Children [cited 2022 Nov]. Available from URL:https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/reports\/children-youth\/australias-children\/contents\/health\/birthweight"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2014.04.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-022-02218-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2021.1935246"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00053115"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","article-title":"Correlation of digital chest radiograph parameters with pulmonary function test and BODE index for diagnosis and prognostication in Indian COPD patients","volume":"5","author":"Vimala LR","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Lung Pulm Resp Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2017160174"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.15310"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2022-001295"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S376213"}],"container-title":["Internal Medicine Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/imj.16023","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/imj.16023","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/imj.16023","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,9]],"date-time":"2023-12-09T10:12:02Z","timestamp":1702116722000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/imj.16023"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,11]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/imj.16023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imj.16023","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1444-0903","1445-5994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1444-0903","type":"print"},{"value":"1445-5994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-09-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-01-15","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-02-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}