{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T01:18:52Z","timestamp":1747185532848,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Internal Medicine Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Epidemiological studies in achalasia and its clinical management in Australia are limited.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the prevalence and trends in incidence rates and describe the types of treatment stratified by subtypes of achalasia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective observational study was conducted at a single site that offers a state\u2010wide high\u2010resolution manometry (HRM) service in Western Australia (WA). Patients (aged \u2265\u200918 years) newly diagnosed with achalasia based on HRM findings between 2012 and 2021 were extracted from the HRM database. The crude incidence rate and age\u2010standardised incidence rate (ASIR) along with the 2021\u2010point prevalence were calculated. Trends were assessed by the Kendall \u03c4b test. The patients' initial and subsequent treatment modalities were described.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 296 new cases were identified, and the median age at diagnosis was 56\u2009years. The patient's median age, sex and year of the first treatment did not vary significantly with the subtypes. The lowest and highest ASIR (cases\/100 000 person\u2010years) were 0.8 in 2012 and 2.1 in 2021, respectively. Only type 2 achalasia showed a significant increasing trend (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> =\u20090.009). The 2021\u2010point prevalence was 16.9 cases\/100 000 people and increased with age. Pneumatic balloon dilatation (PBD) was the most common treatment for types 1 and 2, while laparoscopic Heller myotomy was most common for type 3. Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) has become common in the past 5\u2009years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The ASIR of type 2 achalasia significantly increased in WA. PBD was most commonly performed, although peroral endoscopic myotomy has recently increased as a preferred treatment option.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.16150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]],"date-time":"2023-06-07T02:35:47Z","timestamp":1686105347000},"page":"312-319","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Incidence, prevalence and clinical management of achalasia since the introduction of high\u2010resolution manometry in Western Australia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2004-5594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madoka","family":"Inoue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Curtin Medical School Curtin University  Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niwansa","family":"Adris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Royal Perth Hospital  Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richmond","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Curtin Medical School Curtin University  Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiang","family":"Siah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Royal Perth Hospital  Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jee","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Royal Perth Hospital  Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6571-5435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krish","family":"Ragunath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Curtin Medical School Curtin University  Perth Western Australia Australia"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Royal Perth Hospital  Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60651-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2005.00661.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000313481808400415"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.05.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13195"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2010.01511.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.08.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1905380"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2020.10.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000000268"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.43"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14058"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.07.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Impact of high\u2010resolution manometry on achalasia diagnosis and treatment","volume":"28","author":"Muller M","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Gastroenterol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.02.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9286-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-316089"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.50941"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics.3101.0 \u2013 Australian Demographic Statistics Jun 2019. 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