{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T01:02:15Z","timestamp":1788915735928,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Internal Medicine Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Point\u2010of\u2010care ultrasound (POCUS) complements physical examination to advance diagnosis and treatment in a range of clinical scenarios. However, the scope for adult internal medicine physicians is not defined in Australia and New Zealand.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To outline the clinical scope and core competencies of POCUS for internal medicine physicians in Australia and New Zealand using a consensus process.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A steering committee and expert panel utilised the Delphi method, comprising rounds of questionnaires and anonymous feedback, to define scope by determining (i) clinical scenarios in which POCUS provides benefit and (ii) core competencies in scanning. An 80% agreement cut\u2010off was used in each round for both inclusion and exclusion of items, and items could be added depending on feedback. Synthesis of qualitative feedback was included.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The expert panel endorsed the use of POCUS in eight clinical scenarios: assessment of fluid status, undifferentiated shock or hypotension, dyspnoea\/respiratory failure, acute kidney injury, suspected venous thromboembolism, synovitis\/joint effusion and for guiding invasive procedures and diuretic therapy in heart failure. Core competencies based on identification of organ system pathology were endorsed, incorporating abnormalities of the heart, lung, inferior vena cava, abdomen, peripheral veins, soft tissue collection and joint effusion. The consensus intended not to mandate POCUS use nor limit the scope for physicians with advanced training, but offer a structured schema.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We successfully established a consensus on the POCUS scope for internal medicine in our region. This provides a foundation to develop formal training and credentialing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.70127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T07:48:37Z","timestamp":1750924117000},"page":"1677-1686","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Defining the scope of point\u2010of\u2010care ultrasound in internal medicine: a consensus statement by the point\u2010of\u2010care special interest group of the Internal Medicine Society of Australia and New Zealand"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5651-5500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ximena","family":"Cid\u2010Serra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine The Royal Melbourne Hospital  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Surgery University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry","family":"Gibbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine Alfred Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"School of Translational Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Szecket","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine Auckland District Health Board  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Drew","family":"Comeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine The Gold Coast University Hospital  Gold Coast Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine Alfred Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Duong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine Northern Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Padeepa","family":"Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epworth Healthcare Richmond  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Surgery The University of Melbourne, Melbourne Medical School  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Thorson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine Bay of Plenty District Health Board  Tauranga New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2736-8900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronan","family":"O'Donovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epworth Hospital University of Melbourne Medical School  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Cabrini Health University of Melbourne Medical School  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3817-4885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graeme","family":"Maguire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Education WA Country Health Service  Perth Western Australia Australia"},{"name":"Curtin Medical School Curtin University  Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rattanak Visal","family":"Hean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine Dandenong Hospital  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of General Medicine Dandenong Hospital, Monash Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3789-9959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Potter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine Monash Medical Centre, Monash Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-016-1406-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.05.060"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2017.5048"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M19-1337"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13089-015-0030-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2011.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.38228"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13089-022-00269-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13394"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.16272"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(14)70135-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2015.11.28525"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2019.11.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-017-4071-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000032829"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12788\/jhm.3079"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rce.2018.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.15218"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7861\/futurehosp.3-1-65"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.08.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S396855"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340050771"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-2800"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10140-008-0701-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.16581"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3181e7cc42"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2013.05.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-7241-17-60"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-015-0127-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194840"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2019.0177"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00244"}],"container-title":["Internal Medicine Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/imj.70127","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T22:16:26Z","timestamp":1760307386000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/imj.70127"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/imj.70127"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imj.70127","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1444-0903","1445-5994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1444-0903","type":"print"},{"value":"1445-5994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}