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The Bosniak classification, based on contrast\u2010enhanced computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, offers a systematic approach to stratifying kidney cysts by their radiological features and estimating the associated risk of malignancy. This classification further informs clinical decision\u2010making regarding surveillance, intervention or referral. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnostic evaluation and referral pathways for kidney cysts, with an emphasis on the practical application of the Bosniak classification in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.70158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T11:59:12Z","timestamp":1755172752000},"page":"1752-1756","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A clinician's guide to the diagnosis and management of kidney cysts"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5706-9904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate","family":"Brotherton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology and Transplantation Unit John Hunter Hospital  Newcastle New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0292-5512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bobby","family":"Chacko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology and Transplantation Unit John Hunter Hospital  Newcastle New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Public Health University of Newcastle  Newcastle New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)65373-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35537-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.693130"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)70338-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2011.12.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-019-0826-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014030297"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2024.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_10_1","volume-title":"Guide to Funded Genomic Tests for Nephrologists (Homepage on the Internet)","author":"Melbourne Genomics Health Alliance"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-020-01832-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.158.1.3510019"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2019182646"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_14_1","first-page":"W500","article-title":"Imaging of renal cystic masses: applying the Bosniak classification to everyday practice","volume":"199","author":"Mokhtari A","year":"2012","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_15_1","first-page":"601","article-title":"Bosniak classification of renal cystic lesions: its accuracy and clinical relevance in the management of renal masses","volume":"31","author":"Friedman A","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.13289"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_17_1","volume-title":"EAU Guidelines","author":"European Association of Urology","year":"2024"}],"container-title":["Internal Medicine Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/imj.70158","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T22:16:56Z","timestamp":1760307416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/imj.70158"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/imj.70158"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imj.70158","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1444-0903","1445-5994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1444-0903","type":"print"},{"value":"1445-5994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}