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Their clinical heterogeneity and diagnostic complexity pose challenges for epidemiological study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To summarise Australian data on the incidence or prevalence of the SARDs listed above.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Scientific databases were searched in July 2024. Studies reporting SARD incidence or prevalence in the general Australian population were included. Where three or more studies of the same disease existed within a comparable population, which were not at high risk of bias (Hoy Tool), a random effects model was fitted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From 1357 publications, 58 were included, on: vasculitis (16), SLE (14), RA (10), SSc (nine), IIM\u00a0(six) and SpA (three), with none on SjD or MCTD identified. Meta\u2010analysis was possible in ANCA\u2010associated vasculitis (AAV) (incidence 10.80 per million person\u2010years), SLE (prevalence 57.86 per 100\u2009000), lupus nephritis (prevalence 11.20 per 100\u2009000, incidence 1.02 per 100\u2009000 person\u2010years), SSc (prevalence 25.58 per 100\u2009000), IIM\u00a0(incidence 9.96 per million person\u2010years) and inclusion body myositis (prevalence 27.73 per million). Data were limited for paediatric populations and specific at\u2010risk groups (e.g. Australians of Asian heritage).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Australia may have above\u2010average prevalence of SLE and SSc and geographic variation in SSc and AAV. Key research gaps include: (1) sparse data for non\u2010AAV vasculitis, RA, SpA, SjD, MCTD and children; (2) limited validated algorithms to identify SARDs in administrative health data; and (3) a need for large\u2010scale spatial studies to detect disease clusters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.70210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T07:00:05Z","timestamp":1758006005000},"page":"1985-1996","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prevalence of vasculitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, idiopathic inflammatory myopathies and spondyloarthritis in\n                    <scp>Australia<\/scp>\n                    : a systematic review and 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