{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T15:14:50Z","timestamp":1762960490557,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Internal Medicine Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Immunisation has been critically important to military medicine. During the Second World War, Australian soldiers were immunised against smallpox, typhoid and tetanus. A conscious decision not to immunise soldiers against diphtheria was taken, although the toxoid had been available in Australia since 1927. This was due to the large number of soldiers thought to have pre\u2010existing immunity (Schick test negative) and adverse events experienced during mass immunisation. Diphtheria became an operational problem in Palestine in 1940. Epidemics of diphtheria in prisoner of war (POW) camps had lethal outcomes due to lack of anti\u2010sera. Many tropical ulcers likely had a component of diphtheria infection. Post\u2010war problems with diphtheria have largely been limited to under\u2010immunised populations in refugee situations, although diphtheria is again being seen in Australian civilians. Toxoid immunisation against environmental pathogens such as diphtheria and tetanus must be maintained to avoid preventable disease during any future war or disaster.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.70211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T12:39:11Z","timestamp":1758890351000},"page":"1950-1954","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of lack of immunisation against diphtheria in the\n                    <scp>Australian<\/scp>\n                    military during the Second World War"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5763-8660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G. Dennis","family":"Shanks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute  Enoggera Queensland Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health University of Queensland  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Clinical Problems of War","year":"1962","author":"Walker A","key":"e_1_2_7_2_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxj003"},{"volume-title":"Clinical Problems of War","year":"1962","author":"Walker A","key":"e_1_2_7_4_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.38.11.1527"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1937.tb99652.x"},{"volume-title":"Middle East and Far East","year":"1963","author":"Walker A","key":"e_1_2_7_7_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"552","volume-title":"Captivty in Changi. Middle East and Far East","author":"Walker A","year":"1963"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.52581"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-95-02-04"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1947.01520030053008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0887"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0625"},{"volume-title":"Middle East and Far East","year":"1963","author":"Walker A","key":"e_1_2_7_14_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"209","article-title":"Conditions experienced as a Japanese prisoner of war from a medical point of view","volume":"87","author":"Warrack A","year":"1946","journal-title":"BMJ Mil Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4419.361"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.1946.42"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-111-1-71"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315534"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(23)00175-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Australian vaccine preventable disease epidemiological review series: diphtheria 1999\u20132019","volume":"21","author":"Winkler NEDA","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun Dis Intell"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.12049"}],"container-title":["Internal Medicine Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/imj.70211","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T15:10:25Z","timestamp":1762960225000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/imj.70211"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/imj.70211"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imj.70211","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1444-0903","1445-5994"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1444-0903"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1445-5994"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}