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Cox proportional hazards models were applied to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (\n aHRs<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) for\n IS<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n HS<\/jats:styled-content>\n , adjusting for demographic, lifestyle and clinical covariates.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 1365 patients with\n RVO<\/jats:styled-content>\n , 975 with\n DR<\/jats:styled-content>\n and 836 with\n RH<\/jats:styled-content>\n were included. Compared with controls, patients with\n RVO<\/jats:styled-content>\n (\n aHR:<\/jats:styled-content>\n 1.82; 95% CI: 1.45\u20132.28),\n DR<\/jats:styled-content>\n (aHR: 1.70, 95% CI: 1.32\u20132.21) and\n RH<\/jats:styled-content>\n (aHR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.18\u20132.05) had significantly higher\n IS<\/jats:styled-content>\n risk.\n RVO<\/jats:styled-content>\n was also associated with increased\n HS<\/jats:styled-content>\n risk (aHR: 2.44, 95% CI: 1.39\u20134.29). Stratified analyses demonstrated stronger relative risks in individuals younger than 60\u2009years. Socioeconomic disadvantage, obesity, smoking and heavy alcohol consumption further modified the risk of stroke.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n RVDs<\/jats:styled-content>\n , particularly\n RVO<\/jats:styled-content>\n , were significantly associated with elevated risks of both\n IS<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n HS<\/jats:styled-content>\n . These findings highlight the potential value of retinal assessment in early identification of high\u2010risk individuals and underscore the importance of tailored stroke prevention strategies, particularly in younger and socioeconomically vulnerable populations.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.70308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T12:35:06Z","timestamp":1766406906000},"page":"433-441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association between retinal vascular disease and subsequent stroke risk: a nationwide cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Yejin","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dongguk University College of Medicine Gyeongju 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