{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T17:15:02Z","timestamp":1778087702458,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771718400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Internal Medicine Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify early diagnostic clues, we analysed cerebrospinal fluid and serum biomarkers in patients with autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy (GFAP\u2010A) and compared biomarker trends with those in patients with viral meningoencephalitis, tuberculous meningoencephalitis, and anti\u2010N\u2010methyl\u2010D\u2010aspartate receptor encephalitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nine GFAP\u2010A patients were retrospectively enrolled from the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, between January 2021 and January 2022. We evaluated the clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, neuroimaging, electroencephalography, treatment and prognosis of these adult GFAP\u2010A cases. Cerebrospinal fluid and serum biomarker trends were compared across the GFAP\u2010A, viral meningoencephalitis, tuberculous meningoencephalitis and anti\u2010N\u2010methyl\u2010D\u2010aspartate receptor encephalitis groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All nine patients presented with acute or subacute onset of meningeal and\/or encephalitic symptoms. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed lesions predominantly affecting the subcortical white matter, basal ganglia, occipital lobe, brain stem, ventricles, cerebellum and corpus callosum. Each patient achieved a modified Rankin Scale score of 0\u20132, and no recurrence was observed during the 6\u2010month follow\u2010up period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Differentiating GFAP\u2010A from anti\u2010N\u2010methyl\u2010D\u2010aspartate receptor encephalitis based on conventional inflammatory biomarkers remains challenging. Elevated serum C\u2010reactive protein and procalcitonin levels are more suggestive of viral or tuberculous meningoencephalitis. GFAP\u2010A is generally associated with a favourable prognosis and no recurrence within 6 months of follow\u2010up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.70379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T04:01:27Z","timestamp":1771819287000},"page":"589-597","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical characteristics of autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy in adults: a retrospective analysis of 9 cases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Siruo","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine  Zhejiang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinyu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Meitan County Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine  Guizhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine  Zhejiang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8380-9620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine  Zhejiang 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