{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T03:54:23Z","timestamp":1790913263554,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Internal Medicine Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Infective endocarditis (IE) is an uncommon but life\u2010threatening disease with evolving patient risk profiles and management strategies. However, its impact on the Australian healthcare system has not been described.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To quantify the healthcare burden of IE in Australia over time in the past three decades and compare outcomes with global and high\u2010income settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data extracted from Global Burden of Disease 2021 included IE prevalence, mortality, disability\u2010adjusted life years (DALY), and heart failure (HF) attributed to IE from 1990 to 2021. Each metric was further indexed to age\u2010adjusted prevalence and expressed as summary rates per 100 IE cases (e.g. prevalence\u2010adjusted mortality rate), and were stratified by geographical groups (Australia, Global and High\u2010Income), sex and 5\u2010year age groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Between 1990 and 2021, 8\u2009563\u2009131 IE cases were reported worldwide, with 0.74% occurring in Australia. In Australia, age\u2010adjusted prevalence rates of IE (AAPR) quadrupled over time (AAPR\n                      <jats:sub>AUS<\/jats:sub>\n                      : 2.63\u201310.18 per 100\u2009000 persons), whilst prevalence\u2010adjusted mortality rates (PAMR) and disability rates (PADR) declined (PAMR\n                      <jats:sub>AUS<\/jats:sub>\n                      : 18.6\u201311.25 deaths per hundred cases; PADR\n                      <jats:sub>AUS<\/jats:sub>\n                      : 440\u2013244 DALY per hundred cases). Australia reported a growth in prevalence\u2010adjusted heart failure rates (PAHR\n                      <jats:sub>AUS<\/jats:sub>\n                      : 68.4\u201386.8 HF per hundred IE cases). Across all geographical groups, including Australia, bimodal peaks in mortality and disability affected middle\u2010aged (40\u201364\u2009years) and elderly populations (\u226575\u2009years). IE prevalence was relatively even between sexes; males experienced higher IE mortality and disability, while females experienced a greater burden of heart failure.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Australia's IE profile is distinct, with a sharper rise in prevalence and IE\u2010associated heart failure, despite declining mortality and disability. These findings suggest improved survival but increasing chronic morbidity, underscoring the need for enhanced post\u2010acute care models and further research to explore underlying drivers, including evolving risk factors, healthcare access and long\u2010term cardiac outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.70612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T03:17:27Z","timestamp":1790911047000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Epidemiology and health burden of infective endocarditis: a comparative analysis of Australian vs global trends from 1990 to 2021"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"David M.","family":"Chye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Austin Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Australasian Collaboration in Endocarditis (ACE)  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate L.","family":"Drummond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australasian Collaboration in Endocarditis (ACE)  Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology Austin Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2302-5588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thalys Sampaio","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Austin Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Paratz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Horvath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australasian Collaboration in Endocarditis (ACE)  Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Services The Prince Charles Hospital  Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Department of Pathology Pathology Queensland  Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Infective Endocarditis Queensland (ieQ) The University of Queensland  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene","family":"Athan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australasian Collaboration in Endocarditis (ACE)  Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine Deakin University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Barwon Health  Geelong Victoria 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C.","family":"Smibert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology Austin Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"National Centre for Infections in Cancer Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anoop N.","family":"Koshy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Austin Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Australasian Collaboration in Endocarditis (ACE)  Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medicine University of 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