{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T08:06:27Z","timestamp":1788941187700,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Internal Medicine Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Routine testing for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is recommended prior to initiating direct\u2010acting antiviral (DAA) therapy for hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Australian prisons. We evaluated the diagnostic yield of HBV and HIV screening among 713 incarcerated adults commencing DAA therapy across multiple Western Australian prisons between 2017 and 2025. The cohort had a mean age of 34.8\u2009years and was predominantly male (81%). HBV and HIV screening outcomes were available for all participants. Only one (0.14%) participant tested positive for hepatitis B surface antigen and none for HIV. A further 12% had serological evidence of past HBV exposure. These findings confirm an extremely low yield of universal pre\u2010treatment HBV\/HIV screening in this setting. While screening remains clinically important, treatment should not be delayed while awaiting results. Parallel testing strategies may streamline care and support hepatitis C elimination efforts in custodial settings. This study represents one of the largest contemporary evaluations of HBV and HIV screening outcomes among incarcerated individuals receiving DAA therapy in Australia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.70629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T07:16:00Z","timestamp":1788938160000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Extremely low diagnostic yield of routine hepatitis B and human immunodeficiency virus screening among incarcerated adults treated for hepatitis C in Western Australia"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1104-1735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali Galalah Mostafa","family":"Ismail","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Royal Perth Hospital  Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loveinder","family":"Madahar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Royal Perth Hospital  Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Gregson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Royal Perth Hospital  Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Doyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Royal Perth Hospital  Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","volume-title":"Australian Recommendations for the Management of Hepatitis C Virus Infection: A Consensus Statement","author":"Hepatitis C Virus Infection Consensus Statement Working Group","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.51854","article-title":"Consensus recommendations on the management of hepatitis C in Australia's prisons","volume":"218","author":"Winter RJ","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29109","article-title":"Hepatitis B reactivation in patients receiving direct\u2010acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C virus infection: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"66","author":"Jiang XW","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","article-title":"Prevalence of blood\u2010borne virus infections and uptake of hepatitis C testing and treatment among people in Australian prisons: the AusHep survey","volume":"53","author":"Bah R","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2025.105035","article-title":"Prevalence and engagement with healthcare services for hepatitis B infection among people in prison in Australia","volume":"146","author":"Montague C","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","first-page":"1268","article-title":"AASLD\u2010IDSA HCV Guidance Panel. Hepatitis C guidance 2023 update: AASLD\u2010IDSA recommendations for testing, managing, and treating hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"77","author":"Bhattacharya D","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30466-4","article-title":"Global burden of HIV, viral hepatitis, and tuberculosis in prisoners and detainees: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"388","author":"Dolan K","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Internal Medicine Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/imj.70629","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/imj.70629","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/imj.70629","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T07:16:02Z","timestamp":1788938162000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/imj.70629"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"references-count":7,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/imj.70629"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imj.70629","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1444-0903","1445-5994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1444-0903","type":"print"},{"value":"1445-5994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-17","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"imj.70629"}}