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A review of contemporary records of five prison systems during the 1918\u20131919 influenza pandemic showed that most prison populations did remarkably well under lockdown, with few resulting respiratory deaths. Exceptional prisons with high respiratory mortality included the Andaman Islands prison colony (17.3\/1000) and the US Army Disciplinary Barracks (42\/1000) at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Factors that likely resulted in high respiratory mortality included the absence of earlier waves of influenza\u2010like illness and increased prisoner turnover introducing additional respiratory bacteria strains. Prison staff often had influenza rates that were very different to those of the prisoners they were guarding. Although free populations resented social restrictions during the COVID\u201019 pandemic, controlling population movements can serve to limit respiratory pathogen spread while waiting for alternative public health measures such as immunisations to arrive.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.70637","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T05:44:56Z","timestamp":1792388696000},"page":"1847-1850","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Respiratory mortality in prisons during the 1918\u20131919 influenza pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5763-8660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G. Dennis","family":"Shanks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute  Brisbane Australia"},{"name":"University of Queensland School of Public Health  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4575142"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268813000733"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70151-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2024.100809"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70130-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","first-page":"372","article-title":"Evidence regarding the immunity conferred by an attack of influenza with a study of three local epidemics","volume":"7","author":"Malone RH","year":"1919","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","first-page":"30","volume-title":"Report on the Adminstration of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the Penal Settlement of Port Blair","author":"Murray JH","year":"1919"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","volume-title":"US Army War College manuscript ATZL\u2010CSH\/684\u20102125","author":"Crow K","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","article-title":"Pre\u2010pandemic mortality, regionality, and crowding strongly influenced US Army camp deaths in the 1918 influenza pandemic","author":"Anderson A","year":"2026","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61786-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)49558-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"A prison of our own: the AIF Detention Barracks 1917\u20101919","volume":"46","author":"Wilson G","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sabretache"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30178-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33321\/cdi.2021.45.7"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofv021"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1324197111"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/652868"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2009.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3108.240571"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idh.2025.08.002"}],"container-title":["Internal Medicine Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/imj.70637","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/imj.70637","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/imj.70637","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T14:05:00Z","timestamp":1792764300000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/imj.70637"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/imj.70637"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imj.70637","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1444-0903","1445-5994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1444-0903","type":"print"},{"value":"1445-5994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}