{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T14:11:54Z","timestamp":1789654314929,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,2]],"date-time":"2013-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1372723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"abstract":"Summary<\/jats:title>S<\/jats:styled-content>almonella enterica<\/jats:italic> serovar T<\/jats:styled-content>yphi (S<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0<\/jats:italic>T<\/jats:styled-content>yphi) is the causal agent of typhoid fever, a disease that primarily affects developing countries. Various antigens from this bacterium have been reported to be targets of the immune response. Recently, the S<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0<\/jats:italic>T<\/jats:styled-content>yphi genome has been shown to encode two porins\u00a0\u2013\u00a0O<\/jats:styled-content>mpS<\/jats:styled-content>1 and O<\/jats:styled-content>mpS<\/jats:styled-content>2\u00a0\u2013\u00a0which are expressed at low levels under in vitro<\/jats:italic> culture conditions. In this study, we demonstrate that immunizing mice with either O<\/jats:styled-content>mpS<\/jats:styled-content>1 or O<\/jats:styled-content>mpS<\/jats:styled-content>2 induced production of specific, long\u2010term antibody titres and conferred protection against S<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0<\/jats:italic>T<\/jats:styled-content>yphi challenge; in particular, O<\/jats:styled-content>mpS<\/jats:styled-content>1 was more immunogenic and conferred greater protective effects than O<\/jats:styled-content>mpS<\/jats:styled-content>2. We also found that O<\/jats:styled-content>mpS<\/jats:styled-content>1 is a T<\/jats:styled-content>oll\u2010like receptor 4 (TLR<\/jats:styled-content>4) agonist, whereas O<\/jats:styled-content>mpS<\/jats:styled-content>2 is a TLR<\/jats:styled-content>2 and TLR<\/jats:styled-content>4 agonist. Both porins induced the production of tumour necrosis factor and interleukin\u20106, and O<\/jats:styled-content>mpS<\/jats:styled-content>2 was also able to induce interleukin\u201010 production. Furthermore, O<\/jats:styled-content>mpS<\/jats:styled-content>1 induced the over\u2010expression of MHC II<\/jats:styled-content> molecules in dendritic cells and O<\/jats:styled-content>mpS<\/jats:styled-content>2 induced the over\u2010expression of CD<\/jats:styled-content>40 molecules in macrophages and dendritic cells. Co\u2010immunization of O<\/jats:styled-content>mpS<\/jats:styled-content>1 or O<\/jats:styled-content>mpS<\/jats:styled-content>2 with ovalbumin (OVA<\/jats:styled-content>) increased anti\u2010OVA<\/jats:styled-content> antibody titres, the duration and isotype diversity of the OVA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010specific antibody response, and the proliferation of T<\/jats:styled-content> lymphocytes. These porins also had adjuvant effects on the antibody response when co\u2010immunized with either the V<\/jats:styled-content>i capsular antigen from S<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0<\/jats:italic>T<\/jats:styled-content>yphi or inactivated 2009 pandemic influenza A<\/jats:styled-content>(H<\/jats:styled-content>1N<\/jats:styled-content>1) virus [A<\/jats:styled-content>(H<\/jats:styled-content>1N<\/jats:styled-content>1)pdm09]. Taken together, the data indicate that O<\/jats:styled-content>mpS<\/jats:styled-content>1 and O<\/jats:styled-content>mpS<\/jats:styled-content>2, despite being expressed at low levels under in vitro<\/jats:italic> culture conditions, are potent protective immunogens with intrinsic adjuvant properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,23]],"date-time":"2013-02-23T17:49:51Z","timestamp":1361641791000},"page":"459-471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["S<\/scp>almonella <\/i>T<\/scp>yphi O<\/scp>mpS<\/scp>1 and O<\/scp>mpS<\/scp>2 porins are potent protective immunogens with adjuvant properties"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"139","author":[{"given":"Mario A.","family":"Moreno\u2010Eutimio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry National Medical Centre \u201cSiglo XXI\u201d Mexican Social 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M\u00e9xico D.F M\u00e9xico"},{"name":"Institute of Immunobiology Kantonal Hospital St Gallen St Gallen Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Gil\u2010Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunobiology Kantonal Hospital St Gallen St Gallen Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"L\u00f3pez\u2010Santiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology National School of Biological Sciences National Polytechnic Institute Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Baeza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry National School of Biological Sciences National Polytechnic Institute Mexico City 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