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Interleukin\u201027 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201027) is a heterodimeric cytokine of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201012 family that is produced primarily by antigen\u2010presenting cells and is immunosuppressive toward a variety of immune cell types. We show that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201027 gene expression is elevated in cord blood\u2010derived macrophages relative to macrophages originating from healthy adults. We also evaluated the duration over which elevated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201027 gene expression may impact immune responses in mice. Age\u2010dependent analysis of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201027 gene expression indicated that levels of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201027 remained significantly elevated throughout infancy and then declined in adult mice. Flow cytometric analysis of intracellular cytokine\u2010stained splenocytes further confirmed these results. Interleukin\u201027 may be induced during pregnancy to contribute to the immunosuppressive environment at the fetal\u2013maternal interface because we demonstrate dose\u2010responsive gene expression to progesterone in macrophages. Neutralization of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201027 in neonatal macrophages improved the ability of these cells to limit bacterial replication. Moreover, neutralization of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201027 during incubation with the <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>ycobacterium bovis<\/jats:italic> bacillus <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>almette\u2013<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>u\u00e9rin vaccine augmented the level of interferon\u2010\u03b3 elicited from allogeneic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content> lymphocytes. This suggests that blocking <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201027 during vaccination and infection may improve immune responses in newborn and infant populations. Furthermore, mice will be a suitable model system to further address these possibilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,6]],"date-time":"2013-03-06T17:33:53Z","timestamp":1362591233000},"page":"484-493","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Neonatal macrophages express elevated levels of interleukin\u201027 that oppose immune responses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"139","author":[{"given":"Jennifer D.","family":"Kraft","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology University of South Carolina School of Medicine Columbia SC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Horzempa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics West Liberty University West Liberty WV 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