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A prophylactic vaccine is urgently needed. However, little is known about the protective T\u2010cell immunity in individuals infected with the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EV<\/jats:styled-content>71 virus. In this study, we performed a comprehensive <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> interferon\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b3 <\/jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ELISPOT<\/jats:styled-content> analysis in 31 children infected with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EV<\/jats:styled-content>71 as well as in 40 healthy adult controls of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010cell responses to overlapping peptides spanning the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VP<\/jats:styled-content>1 structural protein and RNA\u2010dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) non\u2010structural protein. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EV<\/jats:styled-content>71\u2010specific <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4 T\u2010cell responses were detected in most of the acute patients and were mostly <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4\u2010dependent RdRp\u2010specific responses. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>8\u2010dependent <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VP<\/jats:styled-content>1 and RdRp\u2010specific responses were also detected in a small proportion of recently infected children. There was no significant association between the strength of the T\u2010cell responses and disease severity observed during the acute <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EV<\/jats:styled-content>71 infection phase. Interestingly, an RdRp\u2010specific, but no <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VP<\/jats:styled-content>1\u2010specific, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4\u2010dependent T\u2010cell response was detected in 30% of the adult controls, and no T\u2010cell responses were detected in healthy children. In addition, 24 individual peptides containing potential T\u2010cell epitope regions were identified. The data suggest that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4\u2010dependent RdRp\u2010specific T\u2010cell responses may play an important role in protective immunity, and the epitopes identified in this study should provide valuable information for future therapeutic and prophylactic vaccine design as well as basic research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,16]],"date-time":"2013-12-16T09:56:56Z","timestamp":1387187816000},"page":"89-100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Dominant <scp>CD<\/scp>4\u2010dependent RNA\u2010dependent RNA polymerase\u2010specific T\u2010cell responses in children acutely infected with human enterovirus 71 and healthy adult controls"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"142","author":[{"given":"Shuangsuo","family":"Dang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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