{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T18:52:19Z","timestamp":1771008739977,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,10]],"date-time":"2014-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1415577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"EU FP7","award":["HEALTH-2010-260338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HEALTH-2010-260338"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Interferon\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>) is an integral and critical molecule of the immune system, with multiple functions, mostly related to the T helper type 1 (Th1) response to infection. It is critical for defence against mycobacterial infection and is of increasing interest in defence against fungi. In this article, we review the genetic and epigenetic variants affecting <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> expression and investigate its role in disease, with an emphasis on fungal diseases such as invasive and chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. Over 347 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> gene variants have been described, in multiple ethnic populations. Many appear to confer a susceptibility to disease, especially tuberculosis (TB) and hepatitis, but also some non\u2010infectious conditions such as aplastic anaemia, cervical cancer and psoriasis. Several epigenetic modifications are also described, increasing <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> expression in Th1 lymphocytes and reducing <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> expression in Th2 lymphocytes. Recombinant <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> administration is licensed for the prophylaxis of infection (bacterial and fungal) in patients with the phagocyte functional deficiency syndrome chronic granulomatous disease, although the benefits appear limited. Interferon\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> therapy is given to patients with profound defects in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> and interleukin\u201012 production and appears to be beneficial for patients with invasive aspergillosis and cryptococcal meningitis, but the studies are not definitive. A high proportion of patients with chronic pulmonary aspergillosis are poor producers of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> in response to multiple stimuli and could also benefit from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> administration. The investigation and management of patients with possible or demonstrated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> deficiency in adulthood is poorly studied and could be greatly enhanced with the integration of genetic data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,22]],"date-time":"2014-07-22T13:39:41Z","timestamp":1406036381000},"page":"499-511","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Clinical implications of interferon\u2010<i>\u03b3<\/i> genetic and epigenetic variants"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"143","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0962-0268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola L. D.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Fungal Infection Group Faculty of Medical and Human Science The University of Manchester Manchester UK"},{"name":"Manchester Academic Health Science Centre University Hospital South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust Manchester UK"},{"name":"NIHR South Manchester Respiratory and Allergy Clinical Research Facility Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Denning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Fungal Infection Group Faculty of Medical and Human Science The University of Manchester Manchester UK"},{"name":"Manchester Academic Health Science Centre University Hospital South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust Manchester UK"},{"name":"NIHR South Manchester Respiratory and Allergy Clinical Research Facility Manchester UK"},{"name":"National Aspergillosis Centre University Hospital South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_18_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6101(03)00043-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0603252"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000247156"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(07)96002-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0192-0561(90)90034-K"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(02)00403-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.15.1.749"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.170.3.827"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.11.5464"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.170.3.1021"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.10.5950"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2006.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)00078-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1236"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2007.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.10.5596"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/376455"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200601-088OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2370.2002.00327.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i18.2928"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-013-2647-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08820139.2012.714437"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2011.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_25_1","first-page":"1576","article-title":"Association analysis of cytokine polymorphisms and plasma level in Northern Chinese Han patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria","volume":"125","author":"Wang SY","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-011-1342-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-620X.94764"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027848"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2010.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08916930903567492"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-010-0872-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008667"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2010.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2010.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2009.10.084"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2009.117572"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00121-09"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2008.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_40_1","first-page":"224","article-title":"Expression and polymorphism of IFN\u2010\u03b3 gene in patients with cervical cancer","volume":"30","author":"Kordi Tamandani MK","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp Oncol"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13547500701610273"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0609954104"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-006-0184-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2006.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejhg.5201591"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-313X.2005.00512.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6364189"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2370.1999.00122.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0198-8859(00)00167-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6363870"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6364305"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142905.hg0720s76"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.176601"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2007.05767.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81532-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2003.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_57_1","first-page":"807","article-title":"Hypermethylation of the p16 gene in normal oral mucosa of smokers","volume":"14","author":"Zeidler SV","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03260033"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.18.9.5166"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genom.5.061903.180014"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/pdr.0b013e31803c7b98"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1205600"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M403618200"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.2013.764410"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00112"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.2.647"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1474"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0502129102"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21352"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2010.490065"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056931"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kft079"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys220"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e318232a949"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24106"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2009.01970.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048796"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2010.01616.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2009.12.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2010.0075"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-08-452482"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032713-120222"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-010-0067-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000347112"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-12-395707"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_86_1","first-page":"221","article-title":"Interferon\u2010\u03b3 release assays for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection: an updated review","volume":"43","author":"Moon HW","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088572"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2011.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-007-4101-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/318087"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2006.01775.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit341"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir903"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit099"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/376526"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-200007000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018403"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit411"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/657306"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00054810"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12473"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00508-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.6.3717"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12052"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/605931"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.06.00021705"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_108_1","unstructured":"D\u00f6ffingerR HarrisC LearS Barcenas\u2010MoralesG NewtonP AlachkarH KumararatneDS DenningDW.Reduced IFN\u2010g and IL\u201017 production in chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) Poster presented at 5th Advances Against Aspergillosis Istanbul Turkey 2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_18_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2010.03094.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199102213240801"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/088922201750251981"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/420829"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283536a93"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006984"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1705559"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20883"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2012.04254.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60551-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890340310"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20152"}],"container-title":["Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fimm.12362","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/imm.12362","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T01:02:27Z","timestamp":1696208547000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/imm.12362"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,10]]},"references-count":119,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/imm.12362"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imm.12362","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-2805","1365-2567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-2805","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-05-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-07-18","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-11-10","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}